=head1 NAME

Ora2Pg - Oracle to PostgreSQL database schema converter


=head1 DESCRIPTION

Ora2Pg is a free tool used to migrate an Oracle database to a PostgreSQL
compatible schema. It connects your Oracle database, scans it automatically
and extracts its structure or data, then generates SQL scripts that you can
load into your PostgreSQL database.

Ora2Pg can be used for anything from reverse engineering Oracle database to
huge enterprise database migration or simply replicating some Oracle data into
a PostgreSQL database. It is really easy to use and doesn't require any Oracle
database knowledge other than providing the parameters needed to connect to the
Oracle database. 


=head1 FEATURES

Ora2Pg consist of a Perl script (ora2pg) and a Perl module (Ora2Pg.pm), the
only thing you have to modify is the configuration file ora2pg.conf by setting
the DSN to the Oracle database and optionally the name of a schema. Once that's
done you just have to set the type of export you want: TABLE with constraints,
VIEW, MVIEW, TABLESPACE, SEQUENCE, INDEXES, TRIGGER, GRANT, FUNCTION, PROCEDURE,
PACKAGE, PARTITION, TYPE, INSERT or COPY, FDW, QUERY, KETTLE, SYNONYM.

By default Ora2Pg exports to a file that you can load into PostgreSQL with the
psql client, but you can also import directly into a PostgreSQL database by
setting its DSN into the configuration file. With all configuration options of
ora2pg.conf you have full control of what should be exported and how.

Features included:

	- Export full database schema (tables, views, sequences, indexes), with
	  unique, primary, foreign key and check constraints.
	- Export grants/privileges for users and groups.
	- Export range/list partitions and sub partitions.
	- Export a table selection (by specifying the table names).
	- Export Oracle schema to a PostgreSQL 8.4+ schema.
	- Export predefined functions, triggers, procedures, packages and
	  package bodies.
	- Export full data or following a WHERE clause.
	- Full support of Oracle BLOB object as PG BYTEA.
	- Export Oracle views as PG tables.
	- Export Oracle user defined types.
	- Provide some basic automatic conversion of PLSQL code to PLPGSQL.
	- Works on any platform.
	- Export Oracle tables as foreign data wrapper tables.
	- Export materialized view.
	- Show a  report of an Oracle database content.
	- Migration cost assessment of an Oracle database.
	- Migration difficulty level assessment of an Oracle database.
	- Migration cost assessment of PL/SQL code from a file.
	- Migration cost assessment of Oracle SQL queries stored in a file.
	- Generate XML ktr files to be used with Penthalo Data Integrator (Kettle)
	- Export Oracle locator and spatial geometries into PostGis.
	- Export DBLINK as Oracle FDW.
	- Export SYNONYMS as views.
	- Export DIRECTORY as external table or directory for external_file extension.
	- Dispatch a list of SQL orders over multiple PostgreSQL connections
	- Perform a diff between Oracle and PostgreSQL database for test purpose.
	- MySQL/MariaDB and Microsoft SQL Server migration.

Ora2Pg does its best to automatically convert your Oracle database to PostgreSQL
but there's still manual works to do. The Oracle specific PL/SQL code generated
for functions, procedures, packages and triggers has to be reviewed to match
the PostgreSQL syntax. You will find some useful recommendations on porting
Oracle PL/SQL code to PostgreSQL PL/PGSQL at "Converting from other Databases
to PostgreSQL", section: Oracle (http://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Main_Page).

See http://ora2pg.darold.net/report.html for a HTML sample of an Oracle database
migration report.

=head1 INSTALLATION

All Perl modules can always be found at CPAN (http://search.cpan.org/). Just
type the full name of the module (ex: DBD::Oracle) into the search input box,
it will brings you the page for download.

Releases of Ora2Pg stay at SF.net (https://sourceforge.net/projects/ora2pg/).

Under Windows you should install Strawberry Perl (http://strawberryperl.com/)
and the OSes corresponding Oracle clients. Since version 5.32 this Perl
distribution include pre-compiled driver of DBD::Oracle and DBD::Pg.

=head2 Requirement

The Oracle Instant Client or a full Oracle installation must be installed on
the system. You can download the RPM from Oracle download center:

    rpm -ivh oracle-instantclient12.2-basic-12.2.0.1.0-1.x86_64.rpm
    rpm -ivh oracle-instantclient12.2-devel-12.2.0.1.0-1.x86_64.rpm
    rpm -ivh oracle-instantclient12.2-jdbc-12.2.0.1.0-1.x86_64.rpm
    rpm -ivh oracle-instantclient12.2-sqlplus-12.2.0.1.0-1.x86_64.rpm

or simply download the corresponding ZIP archives from Oracle download center
and install them where you want, for example: /opt/oracle/instantclient_12_2/

You also need a modern Perl distribution (perl 5.10 and more). To connect to a
database and proceed to his migration you need the DBI Perl module > 1.614.
To migrate an Oracle database you need the DBD::Oracle Perl modules to be
installed.

To install DBD::Oracle and have it working you need to have the Oracle client
libraries installed and the ORACLE_HOME environment variable must be defined.

If you plan to export a MySQL database you need to install the Perl module
DBD::MySQL which requires that the mysql client libraries are installed.

If you plan to export a SQL Server database you need to install the Perl module
DBD::ODBC which requires that the unixODBC package is installed.

On some Perl distribution you may need to install the Time::HiRes Perl module. 

If your distribution doesn't include these Perl modules you can install them
using CPAN:

	perl -MCPAN -e 'install DBD::Oracle'
	perl -MCPAN -e 'install DBD::MySQL'
	perl -MCPAN -e 'install DBD::ODBC'
	perl -MCPAN -e 'install Time::HiRes'

otherwise use the packages provided by your distribution.

=head2 Optional

By default Ora2Pg dumps export to flat files, to load them into your PostgreSQL
database you need the PostgreSQL client (psql). If you don't have it on the
host running Ora2Pg you can always transfer these files to a host with the psql
client installed. If you prefer to load export 'on the fly', the perl module
DBD::Pg is required.

Ora2Pg allows you to dump all output in a compressed gzip file, to do that you
need the Compress::Zlib Perl module or if you prefer using bzip2 compression,
the program bzip2 must be available in your PATH.

If your distribution doesn't include these Perl modules you can install them
using CPAN:

	perl -MCPAN -e 'install DBD::Pg'
	perl -MCPAN -e 'install Compress::Zlib'

otherwise use the packages provided by your distribution.

=head2 Instruction for SQL Server

For SQL Server you need to install the unixodbc package and the Perl
DBD::ODBC driver:

	sudo apt install unixodbc
	sudo apt install libdbd-odbc-perl

or

	sudo yum install unixodbc
	sudo yum install perl-DBD-ODBC
	sudo yum install perl-DBD-Pg

then install the Microsoft ODBC Driver for SQL Server. Follow the instructions
relative to your operating system from here:

	https://docs.microsoft.com/fr-fr/sql/connect/odbc/linux-mac/installing-the-microsoft-odbc-driver-for-sql-server?view=sql-server-ver16

Once it is done set the following in the /etc/odbcinst.ini file by adjusting
the SQL Server ODBC driver version:

	[msodbcsql18]
	Description=Microsoft ODBC Driver 18 for SQL Server
	Driver=/opt/microsoft/msodbcsql18/lib64/libmsodbcsql-18.0.so.1.1
	UsageCount=1

See ORACLE_DSN to know how to use the driver to connect to your MSSQL database.

=head2 Installing Ora2Pg

Like any other Perl Module Ora2Pg can be installed with the following commands:

	tar xjf ora2pg-x.x.tar.bz2
	cd ora2pg-x.x/
	perl Makefile.PL
	make && make install

This will install Ora2Pg.pm into your site Perl repository, ora2pg into
/usr/local/bin/ and ora2pg.conf into /etc/ora2pg/.

On Windows(tm) OSes you may use instead:

        perl Makefile.PL
        gmake && gmake install

This will install scripts and libraries into your Perl site installation
directory and the ora2pg.conf file as well as all documentation files
into C:\ora2pg\

To install ora2pg in a different directory than the default one, simply
use this command:

	perl Makefile.PL PREFIX=<your_install_dir>
	make && make install

then set PERL5LIB to the path to your installation directory before using
Ora2Pg.

	export PERL5LIB=<your_install_dir>
	ora2pg -c config/ora2pg.conf -t TABLE -b outdir/

=head2 Packaging

If you want to build the binary package for your preferred Linux distribution
take a look at the packaging/ directory of the source tarball. There is
everything to build RPM, Slackware and Debian packages. See README file in
that directory.

=head2 Installing DBD::Oracle

Ora2Pg needs the Perl module DBD::Oracle for connectivity to an Oracle database
from perl DBI. To get DBD::Oracle get it from CPAN a perl module repository.

After setting ORACLE_HOME and LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variables as root
user, install DBD::Oracle. Proceed as follow:

	export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/oracle/12.2/client64/lib
	export ORACLE_HOME=/usr/lib/oracle/12.2/client64
	perl -MCPAN -e 'install DBD::Oracle'

If you are running for the first time it will ask many questions; you can keep
defaults by pressing ENTER key, but you need to give one appropriate mirror
site for CPAN to download the modules. Install through CPAN manually if the
above doesn't work:

	#perl -MCPAN -e shell
	cpan> get DBD::Oracle
	cpan> quit
	cd ~/.cpan/build/DBD-Oracle*
	export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/oracle/11.2/client64/lib
	export ORACLE_HOME=/usr/lib/oracle/11.2/client64
	perl Makefile.PL
	make
	make install

Installing DBD::Oracle require that the three Oracle packages: instant-client,
SDK and SQLplus are installed as well as the libaio1 library.

If you are using Instant Client from ZIP archives, the LD_LIBRARY_PATH and
ORACLE_HOME will be the same and must be set to the directory where you have
installed the files. For example: /opt/oracle/instantclient_12_2/
 
=head1 CONFIGURATION

Ora2Pg configuration can be as simple as choosing the Oracle database to export
and choose the export type. This can be done in a minute.

By reading this documentation you will also be able to:

	- Select only certain tables and/or column for export.
	- Rename some tables and/or column during export.
	- Select data to export following a WHERE clause per table.
	- Delay database constraints during data loading.
	- Compress exported data to save disk space.
	- and much more.

The full control of the Oracle database migration is taken though a single
configuration file named ora2pg.conf. The format of this file consist in a
directive name in upper case followed by tab character and a value.
Comments are lines beginning with a #.

There's no specific order to place the configuration directives, they are
set at the time they are read in the configuration file.

For configuration directives that just take a single value, you can use them
multiple time in the configuration file but only the last occurrence found
in the file will be used. For configuration directives that allow a list
of value, you can use it multiple time, the values will be appended to the
list. If you use the IMPORT directive to load a custom configuration file,
directives defined in this file will be stores from the place the IMPORT
directive is found, so it is better to put it at the end of the configuration
file.

Values set in command line options will override values from the configuration
file.

=head2 Ora2Pg usage

First of all be sure that libraries and binaries path include the Oracle
Instant Client installation:

	export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/oracle/11.2/client64/lib
	export PATH="/usr/lib/oracle/11.2/client64/bin:$PATH"

By default Ora2Pg will look for /etc/ora2pg/ora2pg.conf configuration file, if
the file exist you can simply execute:

	/usr/local/bin/ora2pg

or under Windows(tm) run ora2pg.bat file, located in your perl bin directory.
Windows(tm) users may also find a template configuration file in C:\ora2pg

If you want to call another configuration file, just give the path as command
line argument:

	/usr/local/bin/ora2pg -c /etc/ora2pg/new_ora2pg.conf

Here are all command line parameters available when using ora2pg:

Usage: ora2pg [-dhpqv --estimate_cost --dump_as_html] [--option value]

    -a | --allow str  : Comma separated list of objects to allow from export.
                        Can be used with SHOW_COLUMN too.
    -b | --basedir dir: Set the default output directory, where files
                        resulting from exports will be stored.
    -c | --conf file  : Set an alternate configuration file other than the
                        default /etc/ora2pg/ora2pg.conf.
    -C | --cdc_file file: File used to store/read SCN per table during export.
                        default: TABLES_SCN.log in the current directory. This
                        is the file written by the --cdc_ready option.
    -d | --debug      : Enable verbose output.
    -D | --data_type str : Allow custom type replacement at command line.
    -e | --exclude str: Comma separated list of objects to exclude from export.
                        Can be used with SHOW_COLUMN too.
    -h | --help       : Print this short help.
    -g | --grant_object type : Extract privilege from the given object type.
                        See possible values with GRANT_OBJECT configuration.
    -i | --input file : File containing Oracle PL/SQL code to convert with
                        no Oracle database connection initiated.
    -j | --jobs num   : Number of parallel process to send data to PostgreSQL.
    -J | --copies num : Number of parallel connections to extract data from Oracle.
    -l | --log file   : Set a log file. Default is stdout.
    -L | --limit num  : Number of tuples extracted from Oracle and stored in
                        memory before writing, default: 10000.
    -m | --mysql      : Export a MySQL database instead of an Oracle schema.
    -M | --mssql      : Export a Microsoft SQL Server database.
    -n | --namespace schema : Set the Oracle schema to extract from.
    -N | --pg_schema schema : Set PostgreSQL's search_path.
    -o | --out file   : Set the path to the output file where SQL will
                        be written. Default: output.sql in running directory.
    -p | --plsql      : Enable PLSQL to PLPGSQL code conversion.
    -P | --parallel num: Number of parallel tables to extract at the same time.
    -q | --quiet      : Disable progress bar.
    -r | --relative   : use \ir instead of \i in the psql scripts generated.
    -s | --source DSN : Allow to set the Oracle DBI datasource.
    -S | --scn    SCN : Allow to set the Oracle System Change Number (SCN) to
                        use to export data. It will be used in the WHERE clause
                        to get the data. It is used with action COPY or INSERT.
    -t | --type export: Set the export type. It will override the one
                        given in the configuration file (TYPE).
    -T | --temp_dir dir: Set a distinct temporary directory when two
                        or more ora2pg are run in parallel.
    -u | --user name  : Set the Oracle database connection user.
                        ORA2PG_USER environment variable can be used instead.
    -v | --version    : Show Ora2Pg Version and exit.
    -w | --password pwd : Set the password of the Oracle database user.
                        ORA2PG_PASSWD environment variable can be used instead.
    -W | --where clause : Set the WHERE clause to apply to the Oracle query to
                        retrieve data. Can be used multiple time.
    --forceowner      : Force ora2pg to set tables and sequences owner like in
                  Oracle database. If the value is set to a username this one
                  will be used as the objects owner. By default it's the user
                  used to connect to the Pg database that will be the owner.
    --nls_lang code: Set the Oracle NLS_LANG client encoding.
    --client_encoding code: Set the PostgreSQL client encoding.
    --view_as_table str: Comma separated list of views to export as table.
    --estimate_cost   : Activate the migration cost evaluation with SHOW_REPORT
    --cost_unit_value minutes: Number of minutes for a cost evaluation unit.
                  default: 5 minutes, corresponds to a migration conducted by a
                  PostgreSQL expert. Set it to 10 if this is your first migration.
   --dump_as_html     : Force ora2pg to dump report in HTML, used only with
                        SHOW_REPORT. Default is to dump report as simple text.
   --dump_as_csv      : As above but force ora2pg to dump report in CSV.
   --dump_as_json     : As above but force ora2pg to dump report in JSON.
   --dump_as_sheet    : Report migration assessment with one CSV line per database.
   --init_project name: Initialise a typical ora2pg project tree. Top directory
                        will be created under project base dir.
   --project_base dir : Define the base dir for ora2pg project trees. Default
                        is current directory.
   --print_header     : Used with --dump_as_sheet to print the CSV header
                        especially for the first run of ora2pg.
   --human_days_limit num : Set the number of human-days limit where the migration
                        assessment level switch from B to C. Default is set to
                        5 human-days.
   --audit_user list  : Comma separated list of usernames to filter queries in
                        the DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL table. Used only with SHOW_REPORT
                        and QUERY export type.
   --pg_dsn DSN       : Set the datasource to PostgreSQL for direct import.
   --pg_user name     : Set the PostgreSQL user to use.
   --pg_pwd password  : Set the PostgreSQL password to use.
   --count_rows       : Force ora2pg to perform a real row count in TEST,
                        TEST_COUNT and SHOW_TABLE actions.
   --no_header        : Do not append Ora2Pg header to output file
   --oracle_speed     : Use to know at which speed Oracle is able to send
                        data. No data will be processed or written.
   --ora2pg_speed     : Use to know at which speed Ora2Pg is able to send
                        transformed data. Nothing will be written.
   --blob_to_lo       : export BLOB as large objects, can only be used with
                        action SHOW_COLUMN, TABLE and INSERT.
   --cdc_ready        : use current SCN per table to export data and register
                        them into a file named TABLES_SCN.log per default. It
                        can be changed using -C | --cdc_file.
   --lo_import        : use psql \lo_import command to import BLOB as large
                        object. Can be use to import data with COPY and import
			large object manually in a second pass. It is recquired
                        for BLOB > 1GB. See documentation for more explanation.
   --mview_as_table str: Comma separated list of materialized views to export
                        as regular table.
   --drop_if_exists   : Drop the object before creation if it exists.
   --delete clause    : Set the DELETE clause to apply to the Oracle query to
                        be applied before importing data. Can be used multiple
			time.

See full documentation at https://ora2pg.darold.net/ for more help or see
manpage with 'man ora2pg'.

ora2pg will return 0 on success, 1 on error. It will return 2 when a child
process has been interrupted and you've gotten the warning message:
    "WARNING: an error occurs during data export. Please check what's happen."
Most of the time this is an OOM issue, first try reducing DATA_LIMIT value.

For developers, it is possible to add your own custom option(s) in the Perl
script ora2pg as any configuration directive from ora2pg.conf can be passed
in lower case to the new Ora2Pg object instance. See ora2pg code on how to
add your own option.

Note that performance might be improved by updating stats on oracle:

	BEGIN
	DBMS_STATS.GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS
	DBMS_STATS.GATHER_DATABASE_STATS 
	DBMS_STATS.GATHER_DICTIONARY_STATS
	END;

=head2 Generate a migration template

The two options --project_base and --init_project when used indicate to ora2pg
that he has to create a project template with a work tree, a configuration
file and a script to export all objects from the Oracle database. Here a sample
of the command usage:

	ora2pg --project_base /app/migration/ --init_project test_project
	Creating project test_project.
	/app/migration/test_project/
		schema/
			dblinks/
			directories/
			functions/
			grants/
			mviews/
			packages/
			partitions/
			procedures/
			sequences/
			synonyms/
			tables/
			tablespaces/
			triggers/
			types/
			views/
		sources/
			functions/
			mviews/
			packages/
			partitions/
			procedures/
			triggers/
			types/
			views/
		data/
		config/
		reports/

	Generating generic configuration file
	Creating script export_schema.sh to automate all exports.
	Creating script import_all.sh to automate all imports.

It create a generic config file where you just have to define the Oracle
database connection and a shell script called export_schema.sh. The sources/
directory will contains the Oracle code, the schema/ will contains the code
ported to PostgreSQL. The reports/ directory will contains the html reports
with the migration cost assessment.

If you want to use your own default config file, use the -c option to give
the path to that file. Rename it with .dist suffix if you want ora2pg to
apply the generic configuration values otherwise, the configuration file
will be copied untouched.

Once you have set the connection to the Oracle Database you can execute the
script export_schema.sh that will export all object type from your Oracle
database and output DDL files into the schema's subdirectories. At end of the
export it will give you the command to export data later when the import of
the schema will be done and verified.

You can choose to load the DDL files generated manually or use the second
script import_all.sh to import those file interactively. If this kind of
migration is not something current for you it's recommended you to use those
scripts.


=head2 Oracle database connection

There's 5 configuration directives to control the access to the Oracle database.

=over 4

=item ORACLE_HOME

Used to set ORACLE_HOME environment variable to the Oracle libraries required
by the DBD::Oracle Perl module.

=item ORACLE_DSN

This directive is used to set the data source name in the form standard DBI DSN.
For example:

	dbi:Oracle:host=oradb_host.myhost.com;sid=DB_SID;port=1521

or

	dbi:Oracle:DB_SID

On 18c this could be for example:

	dbi:Oracle:host=192.168.1.29;service_name=pdb1;port=1521

for the second notation the SID should be declared in the well known file
$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/tnsnames.ora or in the path given to the TNS_ADMIN
environment variable.

For MySQL the DSN will lool like this:

	dbi:mysql:host=192.168.1.10;database=sakila;port=3306

the 'sid' part is replaced by 'database'.

For MS SQL Server it will look like this:

	dbi:ODBC:driver=msodbcsql18;server=mydb.database.windows.net;database=testdb;TrustServerCertificate=yes

=item ORACLE_USER et ORACLE_PWD

These two directives are used to define the user and password for the Oracle
database connection. Note that if you can it is better to login as Oracle super
admin to avoid grants problem during the database scan and be sure that nothing
is missing.

If you do not supply a credential with ORACLE_PWD and you have installed the
Term::ReadKey Perl module, Ora2Pg will ask for the password interactively. If
ORACLE_USER is not set it will be asked interactively too.

To connect to a local ORACLE instance with connections "as sysdba" you have to
set ORACLE_USER to "/" and an empty password.

To make a connection using an Oracle Secure External Password Store (SEPS), 
first configure the Oracle Wallet and then set both the ORACLE_USER and 
ORACLE_PWD directives to the special value of "__SEPS__" (without the quotes 
but with the double underscore).


=item USER_GRANTS

Set this directive to 1 if you connect the Oracle database as simple user and
do not have enough grants to extract things from the DBA_... tables. It will
use tables ALL_... instead.

Warning: if you use export type GRANT, you must set this configuration option
to 0 or it will not work.

=item TRANSACTION

This directive may be used if you want to change the default isolation level of
the data export transaction. Default is now to set the level to a serializable
transaction to ensure data consistency. The allowed values for this directive
are:

	readonly: 'SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY',
	readwrite: 'SET TRANSACTION READ WRITE',
	serializable: 'SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE'
	committed: 'SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED',


Releases before 6.2 used to set the isolation level to READ ONLY transaction
but in some case this was breaking data consistency so now default is set to
SERIALIZABLE.

=item INPUT_FILE

This directive did not control the Oracle database connection or unless it
purely disables the use of any Oracle database by accepting a file as argument.
Set this directive to a file containing PL/SQL Oracle Code like function,
procedure or full package body to prevent Ora2Pg from connecting to an
Oracle database and just apply his conversion tool to the content of the
file. This can be used with the most of export types: TABLE, TRIGGER, PROCEDURE,
VIEW, FUNCTION or PACKAGE, etc.

=item ORA_INITIAL_COMMAND

This directive can be used to send an initial command to Oracle, just after
the connection. For example to unlock a policy before reading objects or
to set some session parameters. This directive can be used multiple times.

=back

=head2 Data encryption with Oracle server

If your Oracle Client config file already includes the encryption method,
then DBD:Oracle uses those settings to encrypt the connection while you
extract the data. For example if you have configured the Oracle Client
config file (sqlnet.ora or .sqlnet) with the following information:

	# Configure encryption of connections to Oracle
	SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_CLIENT = required
	SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_TYPES_CLIENT = (AES256, RC4_256)
	SQLNET.CRYPTO_SEED = 'should be 10-70 random characters'

Any tool that uses the Oracle client to talk to the database will be
encrypted if you setup session encryption like above.

For example, Perl's DBI uses DBD-Oracle, which uses the Oracle client
for actually handling database communication. If the installation of
Oracle client used by Perl is setup to request encrypted connections,
then your Perl connection to an Oracle database will also be encrypted.

Full details at https://kb.berkeley.edu/jivekb/entry.jspa?externalID=1005

=head2 Testing connection

Once you have set the Oracle database DSN you can execute ora2pg to see if
it works: 

	ora2pg -t SHOW_VERSION -c config/ora2pg.conf

will show the Oracle database server version. Take some time here to test your
installation as most problems take place here, the other configuration
steps are more technical.

=head2 Troubleshooting

If the output.sql file has not exported anything other than the Pg transaction
header and footer there's two possible reasons. The perl script ora2pg dump
an ORA-XXX error, that mean that your DSN or login information are wrong, check
the error and your settings and try again. The perl script says nothing and the
output file is empty: the user lacks permission to extract something from
the database. Try to connect to Oracle as super user or take a look at directive
USER_GRANTS above and at next section, especially the SCHEMA directive.

=over 4

=item LOGFILE

By default all messages are sent to the standard output. If you give a file
path to that directive, all output will be appended to this file.

=back

=head2 Oracle schema to export

The Oracle database export can be limited to a specific Schema or Namespace,
this can be mandatory following the database connection user.

=over 4

=item SCHEMA

This directive is used to set the schema name to use during export.
For example:

	SCHEMA	APPS

will extract objects associated to the APPS schema.

When no schema name is provided and EXPORT_SCHEMA is enabled, Ora2Pg
will export all objects from all schema of the Oracle instance with
their names prefixed with the schema name.

=item EXPORT_SCHEMA

By default the Oracle schema is not exported into the PostgreSQL database and
all objects are created under the default Pg namespace. If you want to also
export this schema and create all objects under this namespace, set the
EXPORT_SCHEMA directive to 1. This will set the schema search_path at top of
export SQL file to the schema name set in the SCHEMA directive with the default
pg_catalog schema. If you want to change this path, use the directive PG_SCHEMA.

=item CREATE_SCHEMA

Enable/disable the CREATE SCHEMA SQL order at starting of the output file.
It is enable by default and concern on TABLE export type.

=item COMPILE_SCHEMA

By default Ora2Pg will only export valid PL/SQL code. You can force Oracle to
compile again the invalidated code to get a chance to have it obtain the valid
status and then be able to export it.

Enable this directive to force Oracle to compile schema before exporting code.
When this directive is enabled and SCHEMA is set to a specific schema name,
only invalid objects in this schema will be recompiled. If SCHEMA is not set
then all schema will be recompiled. To force recompile invalid object in a
specific schema, set COMPILE_SCHEMA to the schema name you want to recompile.

This will ask to Oracle to validate the PL/SQL that could have been invalidate
after a export/import for example. The 'VALID' or 'INVALID' status applies to
functions, procedures, packages and user defined types. It also concern disabled
triggers.

=item EXPORT_INVALID

If the above configuration directive is not enough to validate your PL/SQL code
enable this configuration directive to allow export of all PL/SQL code even if
it is marked as invalid. The 'VALID' or 'INVALID' status applies to functions,
procedures, packages and user defined types.

=item PG_SCHEMA

Allow you to defined/force the PostgreSQL schema to use. By default if you set
EXPORT_SCHEMA to 1 the PostgreSQL search_path will be set to the schema name
exported set as value of the SCHEMA directive. 

The value can be a comma delimited list of schema name but not when using TABLE
export type because in this case it will generate the CREATE SCHEMA statement
and it doesn't support multiple schema name. For example, if you set PG_SCHEMA
to something like "user_schema, public", the search path will be set like this:

	SET search_path = user_schema, public;

forcing the use of an other schema (here user_schema) than the one from Oracle
schema set in the SCHEMA directive.

You can also set the default search_path for the PostgreSQL user you are using
to connect to the destination database by using:

	ALTER ROLE username SET search_path TO user_schema, public;

in this case you don't have to set PG_SCHEMA.

=item SYSUSERS

Without explicit schema, Ora2Pg will export all objects that not belongs to
system schema or role:

	SYSTEM,CTXSYS,DBSNMP,EXFSYS,LBACSYS,MDSYS,MGMT_VIEW,
	OLAPSYS,ORDDATA,OWBSYS,ORDPLUGINS,ORDSYS,OUTLN,
	SI_INFORMTN_SCHEMA,SYS,SYSMAN,WK_TEST,WKSYS,WKPROXY,
	WMSYS,XDB,APEX_PUBLIC_USER,DIP,FLOWS_020100,FLOWS_030000,
	FLOWS_040100,FLOWS_010600,FLOWS_FILES,MDDATA,ORACLE_OCM,
	SPATIAL_CSW_ADMIN_USR,SPATIAL_WFS_ADMIN_USR,XS$NULL,PERFSTAT,
	SQLTXPLAIN,DMSYS,TSMSYS,WKSYS,APEX_040000,APEX_040200,
	DVSYS,OJVMSYS,GSMADMIN_INTERNAL,APPQOSSYS,DVSYS,DVF,
	AUDSYS,APEX_030200,MGMT_VIEW,ODM,ODM_MTR,TRACESRV,MTMSYS,
	OWBSYS_AUDIT,WEBSYS,WK_PROXY,OSE$HTTP$ADMIN,
	AURORA$JIS$UTILITY$,AURORA$ORB$UNAUTHENTICATED,
	DBMS_PRIVILEGE_CAPTURE,CSMIG,MGDSYS,SDE,DBSFWUSER

Following your Oracle installation you may have several other system role
defined. To append these users to the schema exclusion list, just set the
SYSUSERS configuration directive to a comma-separated list of system user to
exclude. For example:

	SYSUSERS	INTERNAL,SYSDBA,BI,HR,IX,OE,PM,SH

will add users INTERNAL and SYSDBA to the schema exclusion list.

=item FORCE_OWNER

By default the owner of the database objects is the one you're using to connect
to PostgreSQL using the psql command. If you use an other user (postgres for example)
you can force Ora2Pg to set the object owner to be the one used in the Oracle database
by setting the directive to 1, or to a completely different username by setting the
directive value to that username. 

=item FORCE_SECURITY_INVOKER

Ora2Pg use the function's security privileges set in Oracle and it is often
defined as SECURITY DEFINER. If you want to override those security privileges
for all functions and use SECURITY DEFINER instead, enable this directive.

=item USE_TABLESPACE

When enabled this directive force ora2pg to export all tables, indexes constraint and
indexes using the tablespace name defined in Oracle database. This works only with
tablespace that are not TEMP, USERS and SYSTEM.

=item WITH_OID

Activating this directive will force Ora2Pg to add WITH (OIDS) when creating
tables or views as tables. Default is same as PostgreSQL, disabled.

=item LOOK_FORWARD_FUNCTION

List of schema to get functions/procedures meta information that are used
in the current schema export. When replacing call to function with OUT
parameters, if a function is declared in an other package then the function
call rewriting can not be done because Ora2Pg only knows about functions
declared in the current schema. By setting a comma separated list of schema
as value of this directive, Ora2Pg will look forward in these packages for
all functions/procedures/packages declaration before proceeding to current
schema export.
 
=item NO_FUNCTION_METADATA

Force Ora2Pg to not look for function declaration. Note that this will prevent
Ora2Pg to rewrite function replacement call if needed. Do not enable it unless
looking forward at function breaks other export.

=back

=head2 Export type

The export action is perform following a single configuration directive 'TYPE',
some other add more control on what should be really exported.

=over 4

=item TYPE

Here are the different values of the TYPE directive, default is TABLE:

	- TABLE: Extract all tables with indexes, primary keys, unique keys,
	  foreign keys and check constraints.
	- VIEW: Extract only views.
	- GRANT: Extract roles converted to Pg groups, users and grants on all
	  objects.
	- SEQUENCE: Extract all sequence and their last position.
	- TABLESPACE: Extract storage spaces for tables and indexes (Pg >= v8).
	- TRIGGER: Extract triggers defined following actions.
	- FUNCTION: Extract functions.
	- PROCEDURE: Extract procedures.
	- PACKAGE: Extract packages and package bodies.
	- INSERT: Extract data as INSERT statement.
	- COPY: Extract data as COPY statement.
	- PARTITION: Extract range and list Oracle partitions with subpartitions.
	- TYPE: Extract user defined Oracle type.
	- FDW: Export Oracle tables as foreign table for Oracle, MySQL and SQL Server FDW.
	- MVIEW: Export materialized view.
	- QUERY: Try to automatically convert Oracle SQL queries.
	- KETTLE: Generate XML ktr template files to be used by Kettle.
	- DBLINK: Generate oracle foreign data wrapper server to use as dblink.
	- SYNONYM: Export Oracle's synonyms as views on other schema's objects.
	- DIRECTORY: Export Oracle's directories as external_file extension objects.
	- LOAD: Dispatch a list of queries over multiple PostgreSQl connections.
	- TEST: perform a diff between Oracle and PostgreSQL database.
	- TEST_COUNT: perform a row count diff between Oracle and PostgreSQL table.
	- TEST_VIEW: perform a count on both side of number of rows returned by views.
	- TEST_DATA: perform data validation check on rows at both sides.
	- SEQUENCE_VALUES: export DDL to set the last values of sequences


Only one type of export can be perform at the same time so the TYPE directive
must be unique. If you have more than one only the last found in the file will
be registered.

Some export type can not or should not be load directly into the PostgreSQL
database and still require little manual editing. This is the case for GRANT,
TABLESPACE, TRIGGER, FUNCTION, PROCEDURE, TYPE, QUERY and PACKAGE export types
especially if you have PLSQL code or Oracle specific SQL in it.

For TABLESPACE you must ensure that file path exist on the system and for
SYNONYM you may ensure that the object's owners and schemas correspond to
the new PostgreSQL database design.

Note that you can chained multiple export by giving to the TYPE directive a
comma-separated list of export type, but in this case you must not use COPY
or INSERT with other export type.

Ora2Pg will convert Oracle partition using table inheritance, trigger and
functions. See document at Pg site:
http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/interactive/ddl-partitioning.html

The TYPE export allow export of user defined Oracle type. If you don't use the
--plsql command line parameter it simply dump Oracle user type asis else Ora2Pg
will try to convert it to PostgreSQL syntax.

The KETTLE export type requires that the Oracle and PostgreSQL DNS are defined.

Since Ora2Pg v8.1 there's three new export types:

	SHOW_VERSION : display Oracle version
	SHOW_SCHEMA  : display the list of schema available in the database.
	SHOW_TABLE   : display the list of tables available.
	SHOW_COLUMN  : display the list of tables columns available and the
		Ora2PG conversion type from Oracle to PostgreSQL that will be
		applied. It will also warn you if there's PostgreSQL reserved
		words in Oracle object names.

Here is an example of the SHOW_COLUMN output:

	[2] TABLE CURRENT_SCHEMA (1 rows) (Warning: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA' is a reserved word in PostgreSQL)
		CONSTRAINT : NUMBER(22) => bigint (Warning: 'CONSTRAINT' is a reserved word in PostgreSQL)
		FREEZE : VARCHAR2(25) => varchar(25) (Warning: 'FREEZE' is a reserved word in PostgreSQL)
	...
	[6] TABLE LOCATIONS (23 rows)
		LOCATION_ID : NUMBER(4) => smallint
		STREET_ADDRESS : VARCHAR2(40) => varchar(40)
		POSTAL_CODE : VARCHAR2(12) => varchar(12)
		CITY : VARCHAR2(30) => varchar(30)
		STATE_PROVINCE : VARCHAR2(25) => varchar(25)
		COUNTRY_ID : CHAR(2) => char(2)

Those extraction keywords are use to only display the requested information and
exit. This allows you to quickly know on what you are going to work.

The SHOW_COLUMN allow an other ora2pg command line option: '--allow relname'
or '-a relname' to limit the displayed information to the given table.

The SHOW_ENCODING export type will display the NLS_LANG and CLIENT_ENCODING
values that Ora2Pg will used and the real encoding of the Oracle database with
the corresponding client encoding that could be used with PostgreSQL

Ora2Pg allow you to export your Oracle, MySQL or MSSQL table definition to
be use with the oracle_fdw, mysql_fdw or tds_fdw foreign data wrapper. By using
type FDW your tables will be exported as follow:

	CREATE FOREIGN TABLE oratab (
		id        integer           NOT NULL,
		text      character varying(30),
		floating  double precision  NOT NULL
	) SERVER oradb OPTIONS (table 'ORATAB');

Now you can use the table like a regular PostgreSQL table.

Release 10 adds a new export type destined to evaluate the content of the
database to migrate, in terms of objects and cost to end the migration:

	SHOW_REPORT  : show a detailed report of the Oracle database content.

Here is a sample of report: http://ora2pg.darold.net/report.html

There also a more advanced report with migration cost. See the dedicated chapter
about Migration Cost Evaluation.

=item ESTIMATE_COST

Activate the migration cost evaluation. Must only be used with SHOW_REPORT,
FUNCTION, PROCEDURE, PACKAGE and QUERY export type. Default is disabled.
You may want to use the --estimate_cost command line option instead to activate
this functionality. Note that enabling this directive will force PLSQL_PGSQL
activation.

=item COST_UNIT_VALUE

Set the value in minutes of the migration cost evaluation unit. Default
is five minutes per unit. See --cost_unit_value to change the unit value
at command line.

=item DUMP_AS_HTML

By default when using SHOW_REPORT the migration report is generated as simple
text, enabling this directive will force ora2pg to create a report in HTML
format.

See http://ora2pg.darold.net/report.html for a sample report.

=item HUMAN_DAYS_LIMIT

Use this directive to redefined the number of human-days limit where the
migration assessment level must switch from B to C. Default is set to 10
human-days.

=item JOBS

This configuration directive adds multiprocess support to COPY, FUNCTION
and PROCEDURE export type, the value is the number of process to use.
Default is multiprocess disable.

This directive is used to set the number of cores to used to parallelize
data import into PostgreSQL. During FUNCTION or PROCEDURE export type each
function will be translated to plpgsql using a new process, the performances
gain can be very important when you have tons of function to convert.

There's no limitation in parallel processing than the number of cores
and the PostgreSQL I/O performance capabilities.

Doesn't work under Windows Operating System, it is simply disabled.

=item ORACLE_COPIES

This configuration directive adds multiprocess support to extract data
from Oracle. The value is the number of process to use to parallelize
the select query. Default is parallel query disable.

The parallelism is built on splitting the query following of the number
of cores given as value to ORACLE_COPIES as follow:

	SELECT * FROM MYTABLE WHERE ABS(MOD(COLUMN, ORACLE_COPIES)) = CUR_PROC

where COLUMN is a technical key like a primary or unique key where split
will be based and the current core used by the query (CUR_PROC). You can
also force the column name to use using the DEFINED_PK configuration directive.

Doesn't work under Windows Operating System, it is simply disabled.

=item DEFINED_PK

This directive is used to defined the technical key to used to split
the query between number of cores set with the ORACLE_COPIES variable.
For example:

	DEFINED_PK      EMPLOYEES:employee_id

The parallel query that will be used supposing that -J or ORACLE_COPIES
is set to 8:

	SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE ABS(MOD(employee_id, 8)) = N

where N is the current process forked starting from 0.

=item PARALLEL_TABLES

This directive is used to defined the number of tables that will be processed
in parallel for data extraction. The limit is the number of cores on your machine.
Ora2Pg will open one database connection for each parallel table extraction.
This directive, when upper than 1, will invalidate ORACLE_COPIES but not JOBS,
so the real number of process that will be used is PARALLEL_TABLES * JOBS.

Note that this directive when set upper that 1 will also automatically enable
the FILE_PER_TABLE directive if your are exporting to files. This is used to
export tables and views in separate files.

Use PARALLEL_TABLES to use parallelism with COPY, INSERT and TEST_DATA actions.
It is also useful with TEST, TEST_COUNT, and SHOW_TABLE if --count_rows is
used for real row count.

=item DEFAULT_PARALLELISM_DEGREE

You can force Ora2Pg to use /*+ PARALLEL(tbname, degree) */ hint in each
query used to export data from Oracle by setting a value upper than 1 to
this directive. A value of 0 or 1 disable the use of parallel hint.
Default is disabled.

=item FDW_SERVER

This directive is used to set the name of the foreign data server that is used
in the "CREATE SERVER name FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER <fdw_extension> ..." command.
This name will then be used in the "CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ..." SQL commands and
to import data using oracle_fdw. Default is no foreign server defined.
This only concerns export type FDW, COPY and INSERT. For export type FDW the
default value is orcl.

=item FDW_IMPORT_SCHEMA

Schema where foreign tables for data migration will be created. If you use
several instances of ora2pg for data migration through the foreign data
wrapper, you might need to change the name of the schema for each instance.
Default: ora2pg_fdw_import

=item DROP_FOREIGN_SCHEMA

By default Ora2Pg drops the temporary schema ora2pg_fdw_import used to import
the Oracle foreign schema before each new import. If you want to preserve
the existing schema because of modifications or the use of a third party
server, disable this directive.

=item EXTERNAL_TO_FDW

This directive, enabled by default, allow to export Oracle's External Tables as
file_fdw foreign tables. To not export these tables at all, set the directive
to 0.

=item INTERNAL_DATE_MAX

Internal timestamp retrieves from custom type are extracted in the following
format: 01-JAN-77 12.00.00.000000 AM. It is impossible to know the exact century
that must be used, so by default any year below 49 will be added to 2000
and others to 1900. You can use this directive to change the default value 49.
this is only relevant if you have user defined type with a column timestamp.

=item AUDIT_USER

Set the comma separated list of username that must be used to filter
queries from the DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL table. Default is to not scan this
table and to never look for queries. This parameter is used only with
SHOW_REPORT and QUERY export type with no input file for queries.
Note that queries will be normalized before output unlike when a file
is given at input using the -i option or INPUT directive.

=item FUNCTION_CHECK

Disable this directive if you want to disable check_function_bodies.

	SET check_function_bodies = false;

It disables validation of the function body string during CREATE FUNCTION.
Default is to use de postgresql.conf setting that enable it by default.

=item ENABLE_BLOB_EXPORT

Exporting BLOB takes time, in some circumstances you may want to export
all data except the BLOB columns. In this case disable this directive and
the BLOB columns will not be included into data export. Take care that the
target bytea column do not have a NOT NULL constraint.

=item ENABLE_CLOB_EXPORT

Same behavior as ENABLE_BLOB_EXPORT but for CLOB.

=item DATA_EXPORT_ORDER

By default data export order will be done by sorting on table name. If you
have huge tables at end of alphabetic order and you are using multiprocess,
it can be better to set the sort order on size so that multiple small tables
can be processed before the largest tables finish. In this case set this
directive to size. Possible values are name and size. Note that export type
SHOW_TABLE and SHOW_COLUMN will use this sort order too, not only COPY or
INSERT export type.

=back

=head2 Limiting objects to export

You may want to export only a part of an Oracle database, here are a set of
configuration directives that will allow you to control what parts of the
database should be exported.

=over 4

=item ALLOW

This directive allows you to set a list of objects on which the export must be
limited, excluding all other objects in the same type of export. The value is
a space or comma-separated list of objects name to export. You can include
valid regex into the list. For example:

	ALLOW		EMPLOYEES SALE_.* COUNTRIES .*_GEOM_SEQ

will export objects with name EMPLOYEES, COUNTRIES, all objects beginning with
'SALE_' and all objects with a name ending by '_GEOM_SEQ'. The object depends
of the export type. Note that regex will not works with 8i database, you must
use the % placeholder instead, Ora2Pg will use the LIKE operator.

This is the manner to declare global filters that will be used with the current
export type. You can also use extended filters that will be applied on specific
objects or only on their related export type. For example:

	ora2pg -p -c ora2pg.conf -t TRIGGER -a 'TABLE[employees]'

will limit export of trigger to those defined on table employees. If you want
to extract all triggers but not some INSTEAD OF triggers:

	ora2pg -c ora2pg.conf -t TRIGGER -e 'VIEW[trg_view_.*]'

Or a more complex form:

	ora2pg -p -c ora2pg.conf -t TABLE -a 'TABLE[EMPLOYEES]' \
		-e 'INDEX[emp_.*];CKEY[emp_salary_min]'

This command will export the definition of the employee table but will exclude
all index beginning with 'emp_' and the CHECK constraint called 'emp_salary_min'.

When exporting partition you can exclude some partition tables by using

	ora2pg -p -c ora2pg.conf -t PARTITION -e 'PARTITION[PART_199.* PART_198.*]'

This will exclude partitioned tables for year 1980 to 1999 from the export but
not the main partition table. The trigger will also be adapted to exclude those
table.

With GRANT export you can use this extended form to exclude some users from the
export or limit the export to some others:

	ora2pg -p -c ora2pg.conf -t GRANT -a 'USER1 USER2'

or

	ora2pg -p -c ora2pg.conf -t GRANT -a 'GRANT[USER1 USER2]'

will limit export grants to users USER1 and USER2. But if you don't want to
export grants on some functions for these users, for example:

	ora2pg -p -c ora2pg.conf -t GRANT -a 'USER1 USER2' -e 'FUNCTION[adm_.*];PROCEDURE[adm_.*]'

Advanced filters may need some learning.

Oracle doesn't allow the use of lookahead expression so you may want to exclude
some object that match the ALLOW regexp you have defined. For example if you
want to export all table starting with E but not those starting with EXP it is
not possible to do that in a single expression. This is why you can start a
regular expression with the ! character to exclude object matching the regexp
given just after. Our previous example can be written as follow:

	ALLOW	E.* !EXP.*

it will be translated into:

	 REGEXP_LIKE(..., '^E.*$') AND NOT REGEXP_LIKE(..., '^EXP.*$')

in the object search expression.

=item EXCLUDE

This directive is the opposite of the previous, it allow you to define a space
or comma-separated list of object name to exclude from the export. You can
include valid regex into the list. For example:

	EXCLUDE		EMPLOYEES TMP_.* COUNTRIES

will exclude object with name EMPLOYEES, COUNTRIES and all tables beginning with
'tmp_'.

For example, you can ban from export some unwanted function with this directive:

	EXCLUDE		write_to_.* send_mail_.*

this example will exclude all functions, procedures or functions in a package
with the name beginning with those regex. Note that regex will not work with
8i database, you must use the % placeholder instead, Ora2Pg will use the NOT
LIKE operator.

See above (directive 'ALLOW') for the extended syntax.

=item NO_EXCLUDED_TABLE

By default Ora2Pg exclude from export some Oracle "garbage" tables that should
never be part of an export. This behavior generates a lot of REGEXP_LIKE
expressions which are slowing down the export when looking at tables. To disable
this behavior enable this directive, you will have to exclude or clean up later
by yourself the unwanted tables. The regexp used to exclude the table are
defined in the array @EXCLUDED_TABLES in lib/Ora2Pg.pm. Note this is behavior
is independant to the EXCLUDE configuration directive.

=item VIEW_AS_TABLE

Set which view to export as table. By default none. Value must be a list of
view name or regexp separated by space or comma. If the object name is a view
and the export type is TABLE, the view will be exported as a create table
statement. If export type is COPY or INSERT, the corresponding data will be
exported.

See chapter "Exporting views as PostgreSQL table" for more details.

=item MVIEW_AS_TABLE

Set which materialized view to export as table. By default none. Value must be
a list of materialized view name or regexp separated by space or comma. If the
object name is a materialized view and the export type is TABLE, the view will
be exported as a create table statement. If export type is COPY or INSERT, the
corresponding data will be exported.

=item NO_VIEW_ORDERING

By default Ora2Pg try to order views to avoid error at import time with
nested views. With a huge number of views this can take a very long time,
you can bypass this ordering by enabling this directive.

=item GRANT_OBJECT

When exporting GRANTs you can specify a comma separated list of objects
for which privilege will be exported. Default is export for all objects.
Here are the possibles values TABLE, VIEW, MATERIALIZED VIEW, SEQUENCE,
PROCEDURE, FUNCTION, PACKAGE BODY, TYPE, SYNONYM, DIRECTORY. Only one object
type is allowed at a time. For example set it to TABLE if you just want to
export privilege on tables. You can use the -g option to overwrite it.

When used this directive prevent the export of users unless it is set to USER.
In this case only users definitions are exported.

=item WHERE

This directive allows you to specify a WHERE clause filter when dumping the
contents of tables. Value is constructs as follows: TABLE_NAME[WHERE_CLAUSE],
or if you have only one where clause for each table just put the where clause
as the value. Both are possible too. Here are some examples:

	# Global where clause applying to all tables included in the export
	WHERE  1=1

	# Apply the where clause only on table TABLE_NAME
	WHERE  TABLE_NAME[ID1='001']

	# Applies two different clause on tables TABLE_NAME and OTHER_TABLE
	# and a generic where clause on DATE_CREATE to all other tables
	WHERE  TABLE_NAME[ID1='001' OR ID1='002] DATE_CREATE > '2001-01-01' OTHER_TABLE[NAME='test']

Any where clause not included into a table name bracket clause will be applied
to all exported table including the tables defined in the where clause. These
WHERE clauses are very useful if you want to archive some data or at the
opposite only export some recent data.

To be able to quickly test data import it is useful to limit data export to the
first thousand tuples of each table. For Oracle define the following clause:

	WHERE 	ROWNUM < 1000

and for MySQL, use the following:

	WHERE 	1=1 LIMIT 1,1000

This can also be restricted to some tables data export.

Command line option -W or --where will override this directive for the global
part and per table if the table names is the same.

=item TOP_MAX

This directive is used to limit the number of item shown in the top N lists
like the top list of tables per number of rows and the top list of largest
tables in megabytes. By default it is set to 10 items.

=item LOG_ON_ERROR

Enable this directive if you want to continue direct data import on error.
When Ora2Pg received an error in the COPY or INSERT statement from PostgreSQL
it will log the statement to a file called TABLENAME_error.log in the output
directory and continue to next bulk of data. Like this you can try to fix the
statement and manually reload the error log file. Default is disabled: abort
import on error.

=item REPLACE_QUERY

Sometime you may want to extract data from an Oracle table but you need a
custom query for that. Not just a "SELECT * FROM table" like Ora2Pg do
but a more complex query. This directive allows you to overwrite the query
used by Ora2Pg to extract data. The format is TABLENAME[SQL_QUERY].
If you have multiple table to extract by replacing the Ora2Pg query, you can
define multiple REPLACE_QUERY lines.

	REPLACE_QUERY	EMPLOYEES[SELECT e.id,e.fisrtname,lastname FROM EMPLOYEES e JOIN EMP_UPDT u ON (e.id=u.id AND u.cdate>'2014-08-01 00:00:00')]

=back

=head2 Control of Full Text Search export

Several directives can be used to control the way Ora2Pg will export the
Oracle's Text search indexes. By default CONTEXT indexes will be exported
to PostgreSQL FTS indexes but CTXCAT indexes will be exported as indexes
using the pg_trgm extension.

=over 4

=item CONTEXT_AS_TRGM

Force Ora2Pg to translate Oracle Text indexes into PostgreSQL indexes using
pg_trgm extension. Default is to translate CONTEXT indexes into FTS indexes
and CTXCAT indexes using pg_trgm. Most of the time using pg_trgm is enough,
this is why this directive stand for. You need to create the pg_trgm extension
into the destination database before importing the objects:

	CREATE EXTENSION pg_trgm;

=item FTS_INDEX_ONLY

By default Ora2Pg creates a function-based index to translate Oracle Text
indexes. 

	CREATE INDEX ON t_document
		USING gin(to_tsvector('pg_catalog.french', title));

You will have to rewrite the CONTAIN() clause using to_tsvector(), example:

	SELECT id,title FROM t_document
		WHERE to_tsvector(title)) @@ to_tsquery('search_word');

To force Ora2Pg to create an extra tsvector column with a dedicated triggers
for FTS indexes, disable this directive. In this case, Ora2Pg will add the
column as follow: ALTER TABLE t_document ADD COLUMN tsv_title tsvector;
Then update the column to compute FTS vectors if data have been loaded before
	    UPDATE t_document SET tsv_title =
		to_tsvector('pg_catalog.french', coalesce(title,''));
To automatically update the column when a modification in the title column
appears, Ora2Pg adds the following trigger:

	CREATE FUNCTION tsv_t_document_title() RETURNS trigger AS $$
	BEGIN
	       IF TG_OP = 'INSERT' OR new.title != old.title THEN
		       new.tsv_title :=
		       to_tsvector('pg_catalog.french', coalesce(new.title,''));
	       END IF;
	       return new;
	END
	$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
	CREATE TRIGGER trig_tsv_t_document_title BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE
	 ON t_document
	 FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE tsv_t_document_title();

When the Oracle text index is defined over multiple column, Ora2Pg will use
setweight() to set a weight in the order of the column declaration.

=item FTS_CONFIG

Use this directive to force text search configuration to use. When it is not
set, Ora2Pg will autodetect the stemmer used by Oracle for each index and
pg_catalog.english if the information is not found. 


=item USE_UNACCENT

If you want to perform your text search in an accent insensitive way, enable
this directive. Ora2Pg will create an helper function over unaccent() and
creates the pg_trgm indexes using this function. With FTS Ora2Pg will
redefine your text search configuration, for example:

      CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION fr (COPY = french); 
      ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION fr
              ALTER MAPPING FOR hword, hword_part, word WITH unaccent, french_stem;

then set the FTS_CONFIG ora2pg.conf directive to fr instead of pg_catalog.english.

When enabled, Ora2pg will create the wrapper function:

      CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION unaccent_immutable(text)
      RETURNS text AS
      $$
          SELECT public.unaccent('public.unaccent', $1);
      $$ LANGUAGE sql IMMUTABLE
	 COST 1;

the indexes are exported as follow:

      CREATE INDEX t_document_title_unaccent_trgm_idx ON t_document 
          USING gin (unaccent_immutable(title) gin_trgm_ops);

In your queries you will need to use the same function in the search to
be able to use the function-based index. Example:

	SELECT * FROM t_document
		WHERE unaccent_immutable(title) LIKE '%donnees%';

=item USE_LOWER_UNACCENT

Same as above but call lower() in the unaccent_immutable() function:

      CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION unaccent_immutable(text)
      RETURNS text AS
      $$
          SELECT lower(public.unaccent('public.unaccent', $1));
      $$ LANGUAGE sql IMMUTABLE;


=back

=head2 Modifying object structure

One of the great usage of Ora2Pg is its flexibility to replicate Oracle database
into PostgreSQL database with a different structure or schema. There's three
configuration directives that allow you to map those differences.

=over 4

=item REORDERING_COLUMNS

Enable this directive to reordering columns and minimized the footprint
on disc, so that more rows fit on a data page, which is the most important
factor for speed. Default is disabled, that mean the same order than in
Oracle tables definition, that's should be enough for most usage. This
directive is only used with TABLE export.

=item MODIFY_STRUCT

This directive allows you to limit the columns to extract for a given table. The
value consist in a space-separated list of table name with a set of column
between parenthesis as follow:

	MODIFY_STRUCT	NOM_TABLE(nomcol1,nomcol2,...) ...

for example:

	MODIFY_STRUCT	T_TEST1(id,dossier) T_TEST2(id,fichier)

This will only extract columns 'id' and 'dossier' from table T_TEST1 and columns
'id' and 'fichier' from the T_TEST2 table. This directive can only be used with
TABLE, COPY or INSERT export. With TABLE export create table DDL will respect
the new list of columns and all indexes or foreign key pointing to or from a
column removed will not be exported.

=item EXCLUDE_COLUMNS

Instead of redefining the table structure with MODIFY_STRUCT you may want
to exclude some columns from the table export. The value consist in a
space-separated list of table name with a set of column between parenthesis
as follow:

	EXCLUDE_COLUMNS	NOM_TABLE(nomcol1,nomcol2,...) ...

for example:

	EXCLUDE_COLUMNS	T_TEST1(id,dossier) T_TEST2(id,fichier)

This will exclude from the export columns 'id' and 'dossier' from table T_TEST1
and columns 'id' and 'fichier' from the T_TEST2 table. This directive can only
be used with TABLE, COPY or INSERT export. With TABLE export create table DDL
will respect the new list of columns and all indexes or foreign key pointing
to or from a column removed will not be exported.

=item REPLACE_TABLES

This directive allows you to remap a list of Oracle table name to a PostgreSQL table name during export. The value is a list of space-separated values with the following structure:

	REPLACE_TABLES	ORIG_TBNAME1:DEST_TBNAME1 ORIG_TBNAME2:DEST_TBNAME2

Oracle tables ORIG_TBNAME1 and ORIG_TBNAME2 will be respectively renamed into
DEST_TBNAME1 and DEST_TBNAME2

=item REPLACE_COLS

Like table name, the name of the column can be remapped to a different name
using the following syntax:

	REPLACE_COLS	ORIG_TBNAME(ORIG_COLNAME1:NEW_COLNAME1,ORIG_COLNAME2:NEW_COLNAME2)

For example:

	REPLACE_COLS	T_TEST(dico:dictionary,dossier:folder)

will rename Oracle columns 'dico' and 'dossier' from table T_TEST into new name
'dictionary' and 'folder'.

=item REPLACE_AS_BOOLEAN

If you want to change the type of some Oracle columns into PostgreSQL boolean
during the export you can define here a list of tables and column separated by
space as follow.

	REPLACE_AS_BOOLEAN     TB_NAME1:COL_NAME1 TB_NAME1:COL_NAME2 TB_NAME2:COL_NAME2

The values set in the boolean columns list will be replaced with the 't' and 'f'
following the default replacement values and those additionally set in directive
BOOLEAN_VALUES.

Note that if you have modified the table name with REPLACE_TABLES and/or the
column's name, you need to use the name of the original table and/or column.

	REPLACE_COLS		TB_NAME1(OLD_COL_NAME1:NEW_COL_NAME1)
	REPLACE_AS_BOOLEAN	TB_NAME1:OLD_COL_NAME1

You can also give a type and a precision to automatically convert all fields of
that type as a boolean. For example:

	REPLACE_AS_BOOLEAN	NUMBER:1 CHAR:1 TB_NAME1:COL_NAME1 TB_NAME1:COL_NAME2

will also replace any field of type number(1) or char(1) as a boolean in all exported
tables.


=item BOOLEAN_VALUES

Use this to add additional definition of the possible boolean values used in
Oracle fields. You must set a space-separated list of TRUE:FALSE values. By
default here are the values recognized by Ora2Pg:

	BOOLEAN_VALUES		yes:no y:n 1:0 true:false enabled:disabled

Any values defined here will be added to the default list.

=item REPLACE_ZERO_DATE

When Ora2Pg find a "zero" date: 0000-00-00 00:00:00 it is replaced by a NULL.
This could be a problem if your column is defined with NOT NULL constraint.
If you can not remove the constraint, use this directive to set an arbitral
date that will be used instead. You can also use -INFINITY if you don't want
to use a fake date.

=item INDEXES_SUFFIX

Add the given value as suffix to indexes names. Useful if you have indexes
with same name as tables. For example:

	INDEXES_SUFFIX		_idx

will add _idx at ed of all index name. Not so common but can help.

=item INDEXES_RENAMING

Enable this directive to rename all indexes using tablename_columns_names.
Could be very useful for database that have multiple time the same index name
or that use the same name than a table, which is not allowed by PostgreSQL
Disabled by default.

=item USE_INDEX_OPCLASS

Operator classes text_pattern_ops, varchar_pattern_ops, and bpchar_pattern_ops
support B-tree indexes on the corresponding types. The difference from the
default operator classes is that the values are compared strictly character by
character rather than according to the locale-specific collation rules. This
makes these operator classes suitable for use by queries involving pattern
matching expressions (LIKE or POSIX regular expressions) when the database
does not use the standard "C" locale. If you enable, with value 1, this will
force Ora2Pg to export all indexes defined on varchar2() and char() columns
using those operators. If you set it to a value greater than 1 it will only
change indexes on columns where the character limit is greater or equal than
this value. For example, set it to 128 to create these kind of indexes on
columns of type varchar2(N) where N >= 128.

=item RENAME_PARTITION

Enable this directive if you want that your partition tables will be renamed.
Disabled by default. If you have multiple partitioned table, when exported to
PostgreSQL some partitions could have the same name but different parent tables.
This is not allowed, table name must be unique, in this case enable this
directive. A partition will be renamed following the rule:
    "tablename"_part"pos"
where "pos" is the partition number. For subpartition this is:
    "tablename"_part"pos"_subpart"pos"
If this is partition/subpartition default:
    "tablename"_part_default
    "tablename"_part"pos"_subpart_default

=item DISABLE_PARTITION

If you don't want to reproduce the partitioning like in Oracle and want to
export all partitioned Oracle data into the main single table in PostgreSQL
enable this directive. Ora2Pg will export all data into the main table name.
Default is to use partitioning, Ora2Pg will export data from each partition
and import them into the PostgreSQL dedicated partition table.

=item DISABLE_UNLOGGED

By default Ora2Pg export Oracle tables with the NOLOGGING attribute as
UNLOGGED tables. You may want to fully disable this feature because
you will lose all data from unlogged tables in case of a PostgreSQL crash.
Set it to 1 to export all tables as normal tables.

=item DOUBLE_MAX_VARCHAR

Increase varchar max character constraints to support PostgreSQL two bytes
character encoding when the source database applies the length constraint
on characters not bytes. Default disabled.

=back

=head2 Oracle Spatial to PostGis

Ora2Pg fully export Spatial object from Oracle database. There's some
configuration directives that could be used to control the export.

=over 4

=item AUTODETECT_SPATIAL_TYPE

By default Ora2Pg is looking at indexes to see the spatial constraint type
and dimensions defined under Oracle. Those constraints are passed as at index
creation using for example:

	CREATE INDEX ... INDEXTYPE IS MDSYS.SPATIAL_INDEX
	PARAMETERS('sdo_indx_dims=2, layer_gtype=point');

If those Oracle constraints parameters are not set, the default is to export
those columns as generic type GEOMETRY to be able to receive any spatial type.

The AUTODETECT_SPATIAL_TYPE directive allows to force Ora2Pg to autodetect the
real spatial type and dimension used in a spatial column otherwise a non-
constrained "geometry" type is used. Enabling this feature will force Ora2Pg to
scan a sample of 50000 column to look at the GTYPE used. You can increase or
reduce the sample size by setting the value of AUTODETECT_SPATIAL_TYPE to the
desired number of line to scan. The directive is enabled by default.

For example, in the case of a column named shape and defined with Oracle type
SDO_GEOMETRY, with AUTODETECT_SPATIAL_TYPE disabled it will be converted as:

    shape geometry(GEOMETRY) or shape geometry(GEOMETRYZ, 4326)

and if the directive is enabled and the column just contains a single
geometry type that use a single dimension:

    shape geometry(POLYGON, 4326) or shape geometry(POLYGONZ, 4326)

with a two or three dimensional polygon.

=item CONVERT_SRID

This directive allows you to control the automatically conversion of Oracle
SRID to standard EPSG. If enabled, Ora2Pg will use the Oracle function
sdo_cs.map_oracle_srid_to_epsg() to convert all SRID. Enabled by default.

If the SDO_SRID returned by Oracle is NULL, it will be replaced by the
default value 8307 converted to its EPSG value: 4326 (see DEFAULT_SRID).

If the value is upper than 1, all SRID will be forced to this value, in
this case DEFAULT_SRID will not be used when Oracle returns a null value
and the value will be forced to CONVERT_SRID.

Note that it is also possible to set the EPSG value on Oracle side when
sdo_cs.map_oracle_srid_to_epsg() return NULL if your want to force the value:

  system@db> UPDATE sdo_coord_ref_sys SET legacy_code=41014 WHERE srid = 27572;

=item DEFAULT_SRID

Use this directive to override the default EPSG SRID to used: 4326.
Can be overwritten by CONVERT_SRID, see above.

=item GEOMETRY_EXTRACT_TYPE

This directive can take three values: WKT (default), WKB and INTERNAL.
When it is set to WKT, Ora2Pg will use SDO_UTIL.TO_WKTGEOMETRY() to
extract the geometry data. When it is set to WKB, Ora2Pg will use the
binary output using SDO_UTIL.TO_WKBGEOMETRY(). If those two extract type
are calls at Oracle side, they are slow and you can easily reach Out Of
Memory when you have lot of rows. Also WKB is not able to export 3D geometry
and some geometries like CURVEPOLYGON. In this case you may use the INTERNAL
extraction type. It will use a Pure Perl library to convert the SDO_GEOMETRY
data into a WKT representation, the translation is done on Ora2Pg side.
This is a work in progress, please validate your exported data geometries
before use. Default spatial object extraction type is INTERNAL.

=item POSTGIS_SCHEMA

Use this directive to add a specific schema to the search path to look
for PostGis functions.

=item ST_SRID_FUNCTION

Oracle function to use to extract the srid from ST_Geometry meta information.
Default: ST_SRID, for example it should be set to sde.st_srid for ArcSDE.

=item ST_DIMENSION_FUNCTION

Oracle function to use to extract the dimension from ST_Geometry meta
information. Default: ST_DIMENSION, for example it should be set to
sde.st_dimention for ArcSDE.

=item ST_GEOMETRYTYPE_FUNCTION

Oracle function to use to extract the geometry type from a ST_Geometry column
Default: ST_GEOMETRYTYPE, for example it should be set to sde.st_geometrytype
for ArcSDE.

=item ST_ASBINARY_FUNCTION

Oracle function to used to convert an ST_Geometry value into WKB format.
Default: ST_ASBINARY, for example it should be set to sde.st_asbinary for
ArcSDE.

=item ST_ASTEXT_FUNCTION

Oracle function to used to convert an ST_Geometry value into WKT format.
Default: ST_ASTEXT, for example it should be set to sde.st_astext for
ArcSDE.

=back

=head2 PostgreSQL Import

By default conversion to PostgreSQL format is written to file 'output.sql'.
The command:

	psql mydb < output.sql

will import content of file output.sql into PostgreSQL mydb database.

=over 4

=item DATA_LIMIT

When you are performing INSERT/COPY export Ora2Pg proceed by chunks of DATA_LIMIT
tuples for speed improvement. Tuples are stored in memory before being written
to disk, so if you want speed and have enough system resources you can grow
this limit to an upper value for example: 100000 or 1000000. Before release 7.0
a value of 0 mean no limit so that all tuples are stored in memory before being
flushed to disk. In 7.x branch this has been remove and chunk will be set to the
default: 10000

=item BLOB_LIMIT

When Ora2Pg detect a table with some BLOB it will automatically reduce the
value of this directive by dividing it by 10 until his value is below 1000.
You can control this value by setting BLOB_LIMIT. Exporting BLOB use lot of
resources, setting it to a too high value can produce OOM.

=item CLOB_AS_BLOB

Apply same behavior on CLOB than BLOB with BLOB_LIMIT settings. This is
especially useful if you have large CLOB data. Default: enabled

=item OUTPUT

The Ora2Pg output filename can be changed with this directive. Default value is
output.sql. if you set the file name with extension .gz or .bz2 the output will
be automatically compressed. This require that the Compress::Zlib Perl module
is installed if the filename extension is .gz and that the bzip2 system command
is installed for the .bz2 extension.

=item OUTPUT_DIR

Since release 7.0, you can define a base directory where the file will be written.
The directory must exists.

=item BZIP2

This directive allows you to specify the full path to the bzip2 program if it
can not be found in the PATH environment variable.

=item FILE_PER_CONSTRAINT

Allow object constraints to be saved in a separate file during schema export.
The file will be named CONSTRAINTS_OUTPUT, where OUTPUT is the value of the
corresponding configuration directive. You can use .gz xor .bz2 extension to
enable compression. Default is to save all data in the OUTPUT file. This
directive is usable only with TABLE export type.

The constraints can be imported quickly into PostgreSQL using the LOAD export
type to parallelize their creation over multiple (-j or JOBS) connections.

=item FILE_PER_INDEX

Allow indexes to be saved in a separate file during schema export. The file
will be named INDEXES_OUTPUT, where OUTPUT is the value of the corresponding
configuration directive. You can use .gz xor .bz2 file extension to enable
compression. Default is to save all data in the OUTPUT file. This directive
is usable only with TABLE AND TABLESPACE export type. With the TABLESPACE
export, it is used to write "ALTER INDEX ... TABLESPACE ..." into a separate
file named TBSP_INDEXES_OUTPUT that can be loaded at end of the migration after
the indexes creation to move the indexes.

The indexes can be imported quickly into PostgreSQL using the LOAD export
type to parallelize their creation over multiple (-j or JOBS) connections.

=item FILE_PER_FKEYS

Allow foreign key declaration to be saved in a separate file during
schema export. By default foreign keys are exported into the main
output file or in the CONSTRAINT_output.sql file. When enabled foreign
keys will be exported into a file named FKEYS_output.sql

=item FILE_PER_TABLE

Allow data export to be saved in one file per table/view. The files will be
named as tablename_OUTPUT, where OUTPUT is the value of the corresponding
configuration directive. You can still use .gz xor .bz2 extension in the OUTPUT
directive to enable compression. Default 0 will save all data in one file, set
it to 1 to enable this feature. This is usable only during INSERT or COPY export
type. 

=item FILE_PER_FUNCTION

Allow functions, procedures and triggers to be saved in one file per object.
The files will be named as objectname_OUTPUT. Where OUTPUT is the value of the
corresponding configuration directive. You can still use .gz xor .bz2 extension
in the OUTPUT directive to enable compression. Default 0 will save all in one
single file, set it to 1 to enable this feature. This is usable only during the
corresponding export type, the package body export has a special behavior.

When export type is PACKAGE and you've enabled this directive, Ora2Pg will
create a directory per package, named with the lower case name of the package,
and will create one file per function/procedure into that directory. If the
configuration directive is not enabled, it will create one file per package as
packagename_OUTPUT, where OUTPUT is the value of the corresponding directive.

=item TRUNCATE_TABLE

If this directive is set to 1, a TRUNCATE TABLE instruction will be add before
loading data. This is usable only during INSERT or COPY export type.

When activated, the instruction will be added only if there's no global DELETE
clause or not one specific to the current table (see below).

=item DELETE

Support for include a DELETE FROM ... WHERE clause filter before importing
data and perform a delete of some lines instead of truncating tables.
Value is construct as follow: TABLE_NAME[DELETE_WHERE_CLAUSE], or
if you have only one where clause for all tables just put the delete
clause as single value. Both are possible too. Here are some examples:

	DELETE  1=1    # Apply to all tables and delete all tuples
	DELETE  TABLE_TEST[ID1='001']   # Apply only on table TABLE_TEST
	DELETE  TABLE_TEST[ID1='001' OR ID1='002] DATE_CREATE > '2001-01-01' TABLE_INFO[NAME='test']

The last applies two different delete where clause on tables TABLE_TEST and
TABLE_INFO and a generic delete where clause on DATE_CREATE to all other tables.
If TRUNCATE_TABLE is enabled it will be applied to all tables not covered by
the DELETE definition.

These DELETE clauses might be useful with regular "updates".

=item STOP_ON_ERROR

Set this parameter to 0 to not include the call to \set ON_ERROR_STOP ON in
all SQL scripts generated by Ora2Pg. By default this order is always present
so that the script will immediately abort when an error is encountered.

=item COPY_FREEZE

Enable this directive to use COPY FREEZE instead of a simple COPY to
export data with rows already frozen. This is intended as a performance
option for initial data loading. Rows will be frozen only if the table
being loaded has been created or truncated in the current sub-transaction.
This will only work with export to file and when -J or ORACLE_COPIES is
not set or default to 1. It can be used with direct import into PostgreSQL
under the same condition but -j or JOBS must also be unset or default to 1.

=item CREATE_OR_REPLACE

By default Ora2Pg uses CREATE OR REPLACE in functions and views DDL, if you
 need not to override existing functions or views disable this configuration
directive, DDL will not include OR REPLACE.

=item DROP_IF_EXISTS

To add a DROP <OBJECT> IF EXISTS before creating the object, enable
this directive. Can be useful in an iterative work. Default is disabled.

=item EXPORT_GTT

PostgreSQL do not supports Global Temporary Table natively but you can use
the pgtt extension to emulate this behavior. Enable this directive to export
global temporary table.

=item NO_HEADER

Enabling this directive will prevent Ora2Pg to print his header into
output files. Only the translated code will be written.

=item PSQL_RELATIVE_PATH

By default Ora2Pg use \i psql command to execute generated SQL files
if you want to use a relative path following the script execution file
enabling this option will use \ir. See psql help for more information.

=item DATA_VALIDATION_ROWS

Number of rows that must be retrieved on both side for data validation.
Default it to compare the 10000 first rows. A value of 0 mean compare
all rows.

=item DATA_VALIDATION_ORDERING

Order of rows between both sides are different once the data have been
modified. In this case data must be ordered using a primary key or a
unique index, that mean that a table without such object can not be
compared. If the validation is done just after the data migration without
any data modification the validation can be done on all tables without any
ordering.

=item DATA_VALIDATION_ERROR

Stop validating data from a table after a certain amount of row mistmatch.
Default is to stop after 10 rows validation errors.
 
=item TRANSFORM_VALUE

Use this directive to precise which transformation should be applied to a
column when exporting data. Value must be a semicolon separated list of

   TABLE[COLUMN_NAME, <replace code in SELECT target list>]

For example to replace string 'Oracle' by 'PostgreSQL' in a varchar2 column use the following.

   TRANSFORM_VALUE   ERROR_LOG_SAMPLE[DBMS_TYPE:regexp_replace("DBMS_TYPE",'Oracle','PostgreSQL')]

or to replace all Oracle char(0) in a string by a space character:

    TRANSFORM_VALUE   CLOB_TABLE[CHARDATA:translate("CHARDATA", chr(0), ' ')]

The expression will be applied in the SQL statemeent used to extract data
from the source database.

=back

When using Ora2Pg export type INSERT or COPY to dump data to file and that
FILE_PER_TABLE is enabled, you will be warned that Ora2Pg will not export
data again if the file already exists. This is to prevent downloading twice
table with huge amount of data. To force the download of data from these tables
you have to remove the existing output file first.

If you want to import data on the fly to the PostgreSQL database you have three
configuration directives to set the PostgreSQL database connection. This is only
possible with COPY or INSERT export type as for database schema there's no real
interest to do that.

=over 4

=item PG_DSN

Use this directive to set the PostgreSQL data source namespace using DBD::Pg
Perl module as follow:

	dbi:Pg:dbname=pgdb;host=localhost;port=5432

will connect to database 'pgdb' on localhost at tcp port 5432.

Note that this directive is only used for data export, other export need to
be imported manually through the use og psql or any other PostgreSQL client.

To use SSL encrypted connection you must add sslmode=require to the connection
string like follow:

	dbi:Pg:dbname=pgdb;host=localhost;port=5432;sslmode=require

=item PG_USER and PG_PWD

These two directives are used to set the login user and password.

If you do not supply a credential with PG_PWD and you have installed the
Term::ReadKey Perl module, Ora2Pg will ask for the password interactively. If
PG_USER is not set it will be asked interactively too.


=item SYNCHRONOUS_COMMIT

Specifies whether transaction commit will wait for WAL records to be written
to disk before the command returns a "success" indication to the client. This
is the equivalent to set synchronous_commit directive of postgresql.conf file.
This is only used when you load data directly to PostgreSQL, the default is
off to disable synchronous commit to gain speed at writing data. Some modified
version of PostgreSQL, like greenplum, do not have this setting, so in this
set this directive to 1, ora2pg will not try to change the setting.

=item PG_INITIAL_COMMAND

This directive can be used to send an initial command to PostgreSQL, just after
the connection. For example to set some session parameters. This directive can
be used multiple times.

=item INSERT_ON_CONFLICT

When enabled this instruct Ora2Pg to add an ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING clause to all
INSERT statements generated for this type of data export.

=back

=head2 Column type control

=over 4

=item PG_NUMERIC_TYPE

If set to 1 replace portable numeric type into PostgreSQL internal type.
Oracle data type NUMBER(p,s) is approximatively converted to real and
float PostgreSQL data type. If you have monetary fields or don't want
rounding issues with the extra decimals you should preserve the same
numeric(p,s) PostgreSQL data type. Do that only if you need exactness
because using numeric(p,s) is slower than using real or double.

=item PG_INTEGER_TYPE

If set to 1 replace portable numeric type into PostgreSQL internal type.
Oracle data type NUMBER(p) or NUMBER are converted to smallint, integer
or bigint PostgreSQL data type following the value of the precision. If
NUMBER without precision are set to DEFAULT_NUMERIC (see below).

=item DEFAULT_NUMERIC

NUMBER without precision are converted by default to bigint only if
PG_INTEGER_TYPE is true. You can overwrite this value to any PG type,
like integer or float.

=item DATA_TYPE

If you're experiencing any problem in data type schema conversion with this
directive you can take full control of the correspondence between Oracle and
PostgreSQL types to redefine data type translation used in Ora2pg. The syntax
is a comma-separated list of "Oracle datatype:Postgresql datatype". Here are
the default list used:

	DATA_TYPE	VARCHAR2:varchar,NVARCHAR2:varchar,NVARCHAR:varchar,NCHAR:char,DATE:timestamp(0),LONG:text,LONG RAW:bytea,CLOB:text,NCLOB:text,BLOB:bytea,BFILE:bytea,RAW(16):uuid,RAW(32):uuid,RAW:bytea,UROWID:oid,ROWID:oid,FLOAT:double precision,DEC:decimal,DECIMAL:decimal,DOUBLE PRECISION:double precision,INT:integer,INTEGER:integer,REAL:real,SMALLINT:smallint,BINARY_FLOAT:double precision,BINARY_DOUBLE:double precision,TIMESTAMP:timestamp,XMLTYPE:xml,BINARY_INTEGER:integer,PLS_INTEGER:integer,TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE:timestamp with time zone,TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE:timestamp with time zone

The directive and the list definition must be a single line.

Note that when a RAW(16) and RAW(32) columns is found or that the RAW column
has "SYS_GUID()" as default value Ora2Pg will automatically translate the
type of the column into uuid which might be the right translation in most of
the case. In this case data will be automatically migrated as PostgreSQL uuid
data type provided by the "uuid-ossp" extension.

If you want to replace a type with a precision and scale you need to escape
the coma with a backslash. For example, if you want to replace all NUMBER(*,0)
into bigint instead of numeric(38) add the following:

       DATA_TYPE       NUMBER(*\,0):bigint

You don't have to recopy all default type conversion but just the one you want
to rewrite.

There's a special case with BFILE when they are converted to type TEXT, they
will just contains the full path to the external file. If you set the
destination type to BYTEA, the default, Ora2Pg will export the content of the
BFILE as bytea. The third case is when you set the destination type to EFILE,
in this case, Ora2Pg will export it as an EFILE record: (DIRECTORY, FILENAME).
Use the DIRECTORY export type to export the existing directories as well as
privileges on those directories.


There's no SQL function available to retrieve the path to the BFILE. Ora2Pg
have to create one using the DBMS_LOB package.

	CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION ora2pg_get_bfilename( p_bfile IN BFILE )
	RETURN VARCHAR2
	AS
	    l_dir   VARCHAR2(4000);
	    l_fname VARCHAR2(4000);
	    l_path  VARCHAR2(4000);
	BEGIN
	    dbms_lob.FILEGETNAME( p_bfile, l_dir, l_fname );
	    SELECT directory_path INTO l_path FROM all_directories
		WHERE directory_name = l_dir;
	    l_dir := rtrim(l_path,'/');
	    RETURN l_dir || '/' || l_fname;
	END;

This function is only created if Ora2Pg found a table with a BFILE column and
that the destination type is TEXT. The function is dropped at the end of the
export. This concern both, COPY and INSERT export type.

There's no SQL function available to retrieve BFILE as an EFILE record, then
Ora2Pg have to create one using the DBMS_LOB package.

	CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION ora2pg_get_efile( p_bfile IN BFILE )
	RETURN VARCHAR2
	AS
	    l_dir   VARCHAR2(4000);
	    l_fname VARCHAR2(4000);
	BEGIN
	    dbms_lob.FILEGETNAME( p_bfile, l_dir, l_fname );
	    RETURN '(' || l_dir || ',' || l_fnamei || ')';
	END;

This function is only created if Ora2Pg found a table with a BFILE column and
that the destination type is EFILE. The function is dropped at the end of the
export. This concern both, COPY and INSERT export type.

To set the destination type, use the DATA_TYPE configuration directive:

	DATA_TYPE	BFILE:EFILE

for example.

The EFILE type is a user defined type created by the PostgreSQL extension
external_file that can be found here: https://github.com/darold/external_file
This is a port of the BFILE Oracle type to PostgreSQL.

There's no SQL function available to retrieve the content of a BFILE. Ora2Pg
have to create one using the DBMS_LOB package.

	CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION ora2pg_get_bfile( p_bfile IN BFILE ) RETURN
	BLOB
	  AS
		filecontent BLOB := NULL;
		src_file BFILE := NULL;
		l_step PLS_INTEGER := 12000;
		l_dir   VARCHAR2(4000);
		l_fname VARCHAR2(4000);
		offset NUMBER := 1;
	  BEGIN
	    IF p_bfile IS NULL THEN
	      RETURN NULL;
	    END IF;

	    DBMS_LOB.FILEGETNAME( p_bfile, l_dir, l_fname );
	    src_file := BFILENAME( l_dir, l_fname );
	    IF src_file IS NULL THEN
		RETURN NULL;
	    END IF;

	    DBMS_LOB.FILEOPEN(src_file, DBMS_LOB.FILE_READONLY);
	    DBMS_LOB.CREATETEMPORARY(filecontent, true);
	    DBMS_LOB.LOADBLOBFROMFILE (filecontent, src_file, DBMS_LOB.LOBMAXSIZE, offset, offset);
	    DBMS_LOB.FILECLOSE(src_file);
	    RETURN filecontent;
	END;

This function is only created if Ora2Pg found a table with a BFILE column and
that the destination type is bytea (the default). The function is dropped at
the end of the export. This concern both, COPY and INSERT export type.

About the ROWID and UROWID, they are converted into OID by "logical" default
but this will through an error at data import. There is no equivalent data type
so you might want to use the DATA_TYPE directive to change the corresponding
type in PostgreSQL. You should consider replacing this data type by a bigserial
(autoincremented sequence), text or uuid data type.


=item MODIFY_TYPE

Sometimes you need to force the destination type, for example a column
exported as timestamp by Ora2Pg can be forced into type date. Value is
a comma-separated list of TABLE:COLUMN:TYPE structure. If you need to use
comma or space inside type definition you will have to backslash them.

	MODIFY_TYPE	TABLE1:COL3:varchar,TABLE1:COL4:decimal(9\,6)

Type of table1.col3 will be replaced by a varchar and table1.col4 by
a decimal with precision and scale.

If the column's type is a user defined type Ora2Pg will autodetect the
composite type and will export its data using ROW(). Some Oracle user
defined types are just array of a native type, in this case you may want
to transform this column in simple array of a PostgreSQL native type.
To do so, just redefine the destination type as wanted and Ora2Pg will
also transform the data as an array. For example, with the following
definition in Oracle:

	CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE mem_type IS VARRAY(10) of VARCHAR2(15);
	CREATE TABLE club (Name VARCHAR2(10),
		Address VARCHAR2(20),
		City VARCHAR2(20),
		Phone VARCHAR2(8),
		Members mem_type
	);

custom type "mem_type" is just a string array and can be translated into
the following in PostgreSQL:

	CREATE TABLE club (
		name varchar(10),
		address varchar(20),
		city varchar(20),
		phone varchar(8),
		members text[]
	) ;

To do so, just use the directive as follow:

	MODIFY_TYPE	CLUB:MEMBERS:text[]

Ora2Pg will take care to transform all data of this column in the correct
format. Only arrays of characters and numerics types are supported.

=item TO_NUMBER_CONVERSION

By default Oracle call to function TO_NUMBER will be translated as a cast
into numeric. For example, TO_NUMBER('10.1234') is converted into PostgreSQL
call to_number('10.1234')::numeric. If you want you can cast the call to integer
or bigint by changing the value of the configuration directive. If you need
better control of the format, just set it as value, for example:
   TO_NUMBER_CONVERSION    99999999999999999999.9999999999
will convert the code above as:
   TO_NUMBER('10.1234', '99999999999999999999.9999999999')
Any value of the directive that it is not numeric, integer or bigint will
be taken as a mask format. If set to none, no conversion will be done.

=item VARCHAR_TO_TEXT

By default varchar2 without size constraint are tranlated into text. If you
want to keep the varchar name, disable this directive.
 
=item FORCE_IDENTITY_BIGINT

Usually identity column must be bigint to correspond to an auto increment
sequence so Ora2Pg always force it to be a bigint. If, for any reason you
want Ora2Pg to respect the DATA_TYPE you have set for identity column then
disable this directive.

=item TO_CHAR_NOTIMEZONE

If you want Ora2Pg to remove any timezone information into the format part
of the TO_CHAR() function, enable this directive. Disabled by default.

=back

=head2 Taking export under control

The following other configuration directives interact directly with the export process and give you fine granularity in database export control.

=over 4

=item SKIP

For TABLE export you may not want to export all schema constraints, the SKIP
configuration directive allows you to specify a space-separated list of
constraints that should not be exported. Possible values are:

	- fkeys: turn off foreign key constraints
	- pkeys: turn off primary keys
	- ukeys: turn off unique column constraints
	- indexes: turn off all other index types
	- checks: turn off check constraints

For example:

	SKIP	indexes,checks

will removed indexes and check constraints from export.

=item PKEY_IN_CREATE

Enable this directive if you want to add primary key definition inside the
create table statement. If disabled (the default) primary key definition
will be added with an alter table statement. Enable it if you are exporting
to GreenPlum PostgreSQL database.

=item KEEP_PKEY_NAMES

By default names of the primary and unique key in the source Oracle database
are ignored and key names are autogenerated in the target PostgreSQL database
with the PostgreSQL internal default naming rules. If you want to preserve
Oracle primary and unique key names set this option to 1.

=item FKEY_ADD_UPDATE

This directive allows you to add an ON UPDATE CASCADE option to a foreign
key when a ON DELETE CASCADE is defined or always. Oracle do not support
this feature, you have to use trigger to operate the ON UPDATE CASCADE.
As PostgreSQL has this feature, you can choose how to add the foreign
key option. There are three values to this directive: never, the default
that mean that foreign keys will be declared exactly like in Oracle.
The second value is delete, that mean that the ON UPDATE CASCADE option
will be added only if the ON DELETE CASCADE is already defined on the
foreign Keys. The last value, always, will force all foreign keys to be
defined using the update option.

=item FKEY_DEFERRABLE

When exporting tables, Ora2Pg normally exports constraints as they are, if they
are non-deferrable they are exported as non-deferrable. However, non-deferrable
constraints will probably cause problems when attempting to import data to Pg.
The FKEY_DEFERRABLE option set to 1 will cause all foreign key constraints to
be exported as deferrable.

=item DEFER_FKEY

In addition to exporting data when the DEFER_FKEY option set to 1, it will add
a command to defer all foreign key constraints during data export and
the import will be done in a single transaction. This will work only if
foreign keys have been exported as deferrable and you are not using direct
import to PostgreSQL (PG_DSN is not defined). Constraints will then be
checked at the end of the transaction.

This directive can also be enabled if you want to force all foreign keys
to be created as deferrable and initially deferred during schema export
(TABLE export type).

=item DROP_FKEY

If deferring foreign keys is not possible due to the amount of data in a
single transaction, you've not exported foreign keys as deferrable or you
are using direct import to PostgreSQL, you can use the DROP_FKEY directive.

It will drop all foreign keys before all data import and recreate them at
the end of the import.

=item DROP_INDEXES

This directive allows you to gain lot of speed improvement during data import
by removing all indexes that are not an automatic index (indexes of primary
keys) and recreate them at the end of data import. Of course it is far better
to not import indexes and constraints before having imported all data.

=item DISABLE_TRIGGERS

This directive is used to disable triggers on all tables in COPY or INSERT
export modes. Available values are USER (disable user-defined triggers only)
and ALL (includes RI system triggers). Default is 0: do not add SQL statements
to disable trigger before data import.

If you want to disable triggers during data migration, set the value to
USER if your are connected as non superuser and ALL if you are connected
as PostgreSQL superuser. A value of 1 is equal to USER.

=item DISABLE_SEQUENCE

If set to 1 it disables alter of sequences on all tables during COPY or INSERT export
mode. This is used to prevent the update of sequence during data migration.
Default is 0, alter sequences.

=item NOESCAPE

By default all data that are not of type date or time are escaped. If you
experience any problem with that you can set it to 1 to disable character
escaping during data export. This directive is only used during a COPY export.
See STANDARD_CONFORMING_STRINGS for enabling/disabling escape with INSERT
statements.

=item STANDARD_CONFORMING_STRINGS

This controls whether ordinary string literals ('...') treat backslashes
literally, as specified in SQL standard. This was the default before Ora2Pg
v8.5 so that all strings was escaped first, now this is currently on, causing
Ora2Pg to use the escape string syntax (E'...') if this parameter is not
set to 0. This is the exact behavior of the same option in PostgreSQL.
This directive is only used during data export to build INSERT statements.
See NOESCAPE for enabling/disabling escape in COPY statements.

=item TRIM_TYPE

If you want to convert CHAR(n) from Oracle into varchar(n) or text on PostgreSQL
using directive DATA_TYPE, you might want to do some trimming on the data. By
default Ora2Pg will auto-detect this conversion and remove any whitespace at both
leading and trailing position. If you just want to remove the leadings character
set the value to LEADING. If you just want to remove the trailing character, set
the value to TRAILING. Default value is BOTH.

=item TRIM_CHAR

The default trimming character is space, use this directive if you need to
change the character that will be removed. For example, set it to - if you
have leading - in the char(n) field. To use space as trimming charger, comment
this directive, this is the default value.

=item PRESERVE_CASE

If you want to preserve the case of Oracle object name set this directive to 1.
By default Ora2Pg will convert all Oracle object names to lower case. I do not
recommend to enable this unless you will always have to double-quote object
names on all your SQL scripts.

=item ORA_RESERVED_WORDS

Allow escaping of column name using Oracle reserved words. Value is a list of
comma-separated reserved word. Default: audit,comment,references.

=item USE_RESERVED_WORDS

Enable this directive if you have table or column names that are a reserved
word for PostgreSQL. Ora2Pg will double quote the name of the object. 

=item GEN_USER_PWD

Set this directive to 1 to replace default password by a random password for all
extracted user during a GRANT export.

=item PG_SUPPORTS_MVIEW

Since PostgreSQL 9.3, materialized view are supported with the SQL syntax
'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW'. To force Ora2Pg to use the native PostgreSQL
support you must enable this configuration - enable by default. If you want
to use the old style with table and a set of function, you should disable it.

=item PG_SUPPORTS_IFEXISTS

PostgreSQL version below 9.x do not support IF EXISTS in DDL statements.
Disabling the directive with value 0 will prevent Ora2Pg to add those
keywords in all generated statements. Default value is 1, enabled.

=item PG_VERSION

Set the PostgreSQL major version number of the target database. Ex: 9.6 or 13
Default is current major version at time of a new release. This replace the
old and deprecadted PG_SUPPORTS_* configuration directives described bellow.

=item PG_SUPPORTS_ROLE (Deprecated)

This option is deprecated since Ora2Pg release v7.3.

By default Oracle roles are translated into PostgreSQL groups. If you have
PostgreSQL 8.1 or more consider the use of ROLES and set this directive to 1
to export roles.

=item PG_SUPPORTS_INOUT (Deprecated)

This option is deprecated since Ora2Pg release v7.3.

If set to 0, all IN, OUT or INOUT parameters will not be used into the generated
PostgreSQL function declarations (disable it for PostgreSQL database version
lower than 8.1), This is now enable by default.

=item PG_SUPPORTS_DEFAULT

This directive enable or disable the use of default parameter value in function
export. Until PostgreSQL 8.4 such a default value was not supported, this feature
is now enable by default.

=item PG_SUPPORTS_WHEN (Deprecated)

Add support to WHEN clause on triggers as PostgreSQL v9.0 now support it. This
directive is enabled by default, set it to 0 disable this feature.

=item PG_SUPPORTS_INSTEADOF (Deprecated)

Add support to INSTEAD OF usage on triggers (used with PG >= 9.1), if this
directive is disabled the INSTEAD OF triggers will be rewritten as Pg rules.

=item PG_SUPPORTS_CHECKOPTION

When enabled, export views with CHECK OPTION. Disable it if you have PostgreSQL
version prior to 9.4. Default: 1, enabled.

=item PG_SUPPORTS_IFEXISTS

If disabled, do not export object with IF EXISTS statements.
Enabled by default.

=item PG_SUPPORTS_PARTITION

PostgreSQL version prior to 10.0 do not have native partitioning.
Enable this directive if you want to use declarative partitioning.
Enable by default.

=item PG_SUPPORTS_SUBSTR

Some versions of PostgreSQL like Redshift doesn't support substr()
and it need to be replaced by a call to substring(). In this case,
disable it. 

=item PG_SUPPORTS_NAMED_OPERATOR

Disable this directive if you are using PG < 9.5, PL/SQL operator used in
named parameter => will be replaced by PostgreSQL proprietary operator :=
Enable by default.

=item PG_SUPPORTS_IDENTITY

Enable this directive if you have PostgreSQL >= 10 to use IDENTITY columns
instead of serial or bigserial data type. If PG_SUPPORTS_IDENTITY is disabled
and there is IDENTITY column in the Oracle table, they are exported as serial
or bigserial columns. When it is enabled they are exported as IDENTITY columns
like:

      CREATE TABLE identity_test_tab (
              id bigint GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY,
              description varchar(30)
      ) ;

If there is non default sequence options set in Oracle, they will be appended
after the IDENTITY keyword.
Additionally in both cases, Ora2Pg will create a file AUTOINCREMENT_output.sql
with a embedded function to update the associated sequences with the restart
value set to "SELECT max(colname)+1 FROM tablename". Of course this file must
be imported after data import otherwise sequence will be kept to start value.
Enabled by default.

=item PG_SUPPORTS_PROCEDURE

PostgreSQL v11 adds support of PROCEDURE, enable it if you use such version.

=item BITMAP_AS_GIN

Use btree_gin extension to create bitmap like index with pg >= 9.4
You will need to create the extension by yourself:
      create extension btree_gin;
Default is to create GIN index, when disabled, a btree index will be created

=item PG_BACKGROUND

Use pg_background extension to create an autonomous transaction instead
of using a dblink wrapper. With pg >= 9.5 only. Default is to use dblink.
See https://github.com/vibhorkum/pg_background about this extension.

=item DBLINK_CONN

By default if you have an autonomous transaction translated using dblink
extension instead of pg_background the connection is defined using the
values set with PG_DSN, PG_USER and PG_PWD. If you want to fully override
the connection string use this directive as follow to set the connection
in the autonomous transaction wrapper function. For example:

	DBLINK_CONN    port=5432 dbname=pgdb host=localhost user=pguser password=pgpass

=item LONGREADLEN

Use this directive to set the database handle's 'LongReadLen' attribute to a
value that will be the larger than the expected size of the LOBs. The default
is 1MB witch may not be enough to extract BLOBs or CLOBs. If the size of the
LOB exceeds the 'LongReadLen' DBD::Oracle will return a 'ORA-24345: A Truncation'
error. Default: 1023*1024 bytes.

Take a look at this page to learn more: http://search.cpan.org/~pythian/DBD-Oracle-1.22/Oracle.pm#Data_Interface_for_Persistent_LOBs

Important note: If you increase the value of this directive take care that
DATA_LIMIT will probably needs to be reduced. Even if you only have a 1MB blob,
trying to read 10000 of them (the default DATA_LIMIT) all at once will require
10GB of memory. You may extract data from those table separately and set a
DATA_LIMIT to 500 or lower, otherwise you may experience some out of memory.

=item LONGTRUNKOK

If you want to bypass the 'ORA-24345: A Truncation' error, set this directive
to 1, it will truncate the data extracted to the LongReadLen value. Disable
by default so that you will be warned if your LongReadLen value is not high
enough.

=item USE_LOB_LOCATOR

Disable this if you want to load full content of BLOB and CLOB and not use
LOB locators. In this case you will have to set LONGREADLEN to the right
value. Note that this will not improve speed of BLOB export as most of the
time is always consumed by the bytea escaping and in this case export is
done line by line and not by chunk of DATA_LIMIT rows. For more information
on how it works, see http://search.cpan.org/~pythian/DBD-Oracle-1.74/lib/DBD/Oracle.pm#Data_Interface_for_LOB_Locators

Default is enabled, it use LOB locators.

=item LOB_CHUNK_SIZE

Oracle recommends reading from and writing to a LOB in batches using a
multiple of the LOB chunk size. This chunk size defaults to 8k (8192).
Recent tests shown that the best performances can be reach with higher
value like 512K or 4Mb.

A quick benchmark with 30120 rows with different size of BLOB (200x5Mb,
19800x212k, 10000x942K, 100x17Mb, 20x156Mb), with DATA_LIMIT=100,
LONGREADLEN=170Mb and a total table size of 20GB gives:

       no lob locator  : 22m46,218s (1365 sec., avg: 22 recs/sec)
       chunk size 8k   : 15m50,886s (951 sec., avg: 31 recs/sec)
       chunk size 512k : 1m28,161s (88 sec., avg: 342 recs/sec)
       chunk size 4Mb  : 1m23,717s (83 sec., avg: 362 recs/sec)

In conclusion it can be more than 10 time faster with LOB_CHUNK_SIZE set
to 4Mb. Depending of the size of most BLOB you may want to adjust the value
here. For example if you have a majority of small lobs bellow 8K, using 8192
is better to not waste space. Default value for LOB_CHUNK_SIZE is 512000.

=item XML_PRETTY

Force the use getStringVal() instead of getClobVal() for XML data export. Default is 1,
enabled for backward compatibility. Set it to 0 to use extract method a la CLOB.
Note that XML value extracted with getStringVal() must not exceed VARCHAR2 size
limit (4000) otherwise it will return an error.

=item ENABLE_MICROSECOND

Set it to O if you want to disable export of millisecond from Oracle timestamp
columns. By default milliseconds are exported with the use of following format:

	'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF'

Disabling will force the use of the following Oracle format:

	to_char(..., 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS')

By default milliseconds are exported.

=item DISABLE_COMMENT

Set this to 1 if you don't want to export comment associated to tables and
columns definition. Default is enabled.

=back

=head2 Control MySQL export behavior

=over 4

=item MYSQL_PIPES_AS_CONCAT

Enable this if double pipe and double ampersand (|| and &&) should not be
taken as equivalent to OR and AND. It depend of the variable @sql_mode,
Use it only if Ora2Pg fail on auto detecting this behavior.

=item MYSQL_INTERNAL_EXTRACT_FORMAT

Enable this directive if you want EXTRACT() replacement to use the internal
format returned as an integer, for example DD HH24:MM:SS will be replaced
with format; DDHH24MMSS::bigint, this depend of your apps usage.

=back

=head2 Control SQL Server export behavior

=over 4

=item DROP_ROWVERSION

PostgreSQL has no equivalent to rowversion datatype and feature, if you want
to remove these useless columns, enable this directive. Columns of datatype
'rowversion' or 'timestamp' will not be exported.

=item CASE_INSENSITIVE_SEARCH

Emulate the same behavior of MSSQL with case insensitive search. If the value
is citext it will use the citext data type instead of char/varchar/text in
tables DDL (Ora2Pg will add a CHECK constraint for columns with a precision).
Instead of citext you can also set a collation name that will be used in the
columns definitions. To disable case insensitive search set it to: none.

=item SELECT_TOP

Append a TOP N clause to the SELECT command used to extract the data from
SQL Server. This is the equivalent to a WHERE ROWNUM < 1000 clause for Oracle.

=back

=head2 Special options to handle character encoding

=over 4

=item NLS_LANG and NLS_NCHAR

By default Ora2Pg will set NLS_LANG to AMERICAN_AMERICA.AL32UTF8 and NLS_NCHAR
to AL32UTF8. It is not recommended to change those settings but in some case it
could be useful. Using your own settings with those configuration directive will
change the client encoding at Oracle side by setting the environment variables
$ENV{NLS_LANG} and $ENV{NLS_NCHAR}.

=item BINMODE

By default Ora2Pg will force Perl to use utf8 I/O encoding. This is done through
a call to the Perl pragma:

	use open ':utf8';

You can override this encoding by using the BINMODE directive, for example you
can set it to :locale to use your locale or iso-8859-7, it will respectively use

	use open ':locale';
	use open ':encoding(iso-8859-7)';

If you have change the NLS_LANG in non UTF8 encoding, you might want to set this
directive. See http://perldoc.perl.org/5.14.2/open.html for more information.
Most of the time, leave this directive commented.

=item CLIENT_ENCODING

By default PostgreSQL client encoding is automatically set to UTF8 to avoid
encoding issue. If you have changed the value of NLS_LANG you might have to
change the encoding of the PostgreSQL client.

You can take a look at the PostgreSQL supported character sets here: http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.0/static/multibyte.html

=item FORCE_PLSQL_ENCODING

To force utf8 encoding of the PL/SQL code exported, enable this directive.
Could be helpful in some rare condition.

=back

=head2 PLSQL to PLPGSQL conversion

Automatic code conversion from Oracle PLSQL to PostgreSQL PLPGSQL is a work in
progress in Ora2Pg and surely you will always have manual work. The Perl code
used for automatic conversion is all stored in a specific Perl Module named
Ora2Pg/PLSQL.pm feel free to modify/add you own code and send me patches. The
main work in on function, procedure, package and package body headers and
parameters rewrite.

=over 4

=item PLSQL_PGSQL

Enable/disable PLSQL to PLPGSQL conversion. Enabled by default.

=item NULL_EQUAL_EMPTY

Ora2Pg can replace all conditions with a test on NULL by a call to the
coalesce() function to mimic the Oracle behavior where empty string are
considered equal to NULL.

	(field1 IS NULL) is replaced by (coalesce(field1::text, '') = '')
	(field2 IS NOT NULL) is replaced by (field2 IS NOT NULL AND field2::text <> '')

You might want this replacement to be sure that your application will have the
same behavior but if you have control on you application a better way is to
change it to transform empty string into NULL because PostgreSQL makes the
difference.

=item EMPTY_LOB_NULL

Force empty_clob() and empty_blob() to be exported as NULL instead as empty
string for the first one and '\x' for the second. If NULL is allowed in your
column this might improve data export speed if you have lot of empty lob.
Default is to preserve the exact data from Oracle.

=item PACKAGE_AS_SCHEMA

If you don't want to export package as schema but as simple functions you
might also want to replace all call to package_name.function_name. If you
disable the PACKAGE_AS_SCHEMA directive then Ora2Pg will replace all call
to package_name.function_name() by package_name_function_name(). Default
is to use a schema to emulate package.

The replacement will be done in all kind of DDL or code that is parsed by
the PLSQL to PLPGSQL converter. PLSQL_PGSQL must be enabled or -p used in
command line.

=item REWRITE_OUTER_JOIN

Enable this directive if the rewrite of Oracle native syntax (+) of
OUTER JOIN is broken. This will force Ora2Pg to not rewrite such code,
default is to try to rewrite simple form of right outer join for the
moment.

=item UUID_FUNCTION

By default Ora2Pg will convert call to SYS_GUID() Oracle function
with a call to uuid_generate_v4 from uuid-ossp extension. You can
redefined it to use the gen_random_uuid function from pgcrypto
extension by changing the function name. Default to uuid_generate_v4.

Note that when a RAW(16) and RAW(32) columns is found or that the RAW column
has "SYS_GUID()" as default value Ora2Pg will automatically translate the
type of the column into uuid which might be the right translation in most of
the case. In this case data will be automatically migrated as PostgreSQL uuid
data type provided by the "uuid-ossp" extension.

=item FUNCTION_STABLE

By default Oracle functions are marked as STABLE as they can not modify data
unless when used in PL/SQL with variable assignment or as conditional
expression. You can force Ora2Pg to create these function as VOLATILE by
disabling this configuration directive.

=item COMMENT_COMMIT_ROLLBACK

By default call to COMMIT/ROLLBACK are kept untouched by Ora2Pg to force
the user to review the logic of the function. Once it is fixed in Oracle
source code or you want to comment this calls enable the following directive.

=item COMMENT_SAVEPOINT

It is common to see SAVEPOINT call inside PL/SQL procedure together with
a ROLLBACK TO savepoint_name. When COMMENT_COMMIT_ROLLBACK is enabled you
may want to also comment SAVEPOINT calls, in this case enable it.

=item STRING_CONSTANT_REGEXP

Ora2Pg replace all string constant during the pl/sql to plpgsql translation,
string constant are all text include between single quote. If you have some
string placeholder used in dynamic call to queries you can set a list of
regexp to be temporary replaced to not break the parser. For example:
 
	STRING_CONSTANT_REGEXP         <placeholder value=".*">

The list of regexp must use the semi colon as separator.

=item ALTERNATIVE_QUOTING_REGEXP

To support the Alternative Quoting Mechanism ('Q' or 'q') for String Literals
set the regexp with the text capture to use to extract the text part. For
example with a variable declared as

	c_sample VARCHAR2(100 CHAR) := q'{This doesn't work.}';

the regexp to use must be:

	ALTERNATIVE_QUOTING_REGEXP     q'{(.*)}'

ora2pg will use the $$ delimiter, with the example the result will be:

	c_sample varchar(100) := $$This doesn't work.$$;

The value of this configuration directive can be a list of regexp
separated by a semi colon. The capture part (between parenthesis) is
mandatory in each regexp if you want to restore the string constant.


=item USE_ORAFCE

If you want to use functions defined in the Orafce library and prevent
Ora2Pg to translate call to these functions, enable this directive.
The Orafce library can be found here: https://github.com/orafce/orafce

By default Ora2pg rewrite add_month(), add_year(), date_trunc() and
to_char() functions, but you may prefer to use the orafce version of
these function that do not need any code transformation.

=item AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION

Enable translation of autonomous transactions into a wrapper function
using dblink or pg_background extension. If you don't want to use this
translation and just want the function to be exported as a normal one
without the pragma call, disable this directive.

=back

=head2 Materialized view

Materialized views are exported as snapshot "Snapshot Materialized Views" as
PostgreSQL only supports full refresh.

If you want to import the materialized views in PostgreSQL prior to 9.3 you
have to set configuration directive PG_SUPPORTS_MVIEW to 0. In this case
Ora2Pg will export all materialized views as explain in this document:

	http://tech.jonathangardner.net/wiki/PostgreSQL/Materialized_Views.

When exporting materialized view Ora2Pg will first add the SQL code to create the "materialized_views" table:

	CREATE TABLE materialized_views (
		mview_name text NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
		view_name text NOT NULL,
		iname text,
		last_refresh TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE
	);

all materialized views will have an entry in this table. It then adds the
plpgsql code to create tree functions:

	create_materialized_view(text, text, text) used to create a materialized view
	drop_materialized_view(text) used to delete a materialized view
	refresh_full_materialized_view(text) used to refresh a view

then it adds the SQL code to create the view and the materialized view:

	CREATE VIEW mviewname_mview AS
	SELECT ... FROM ...;

	SELECT create_materialized_view('mviewname','mviewname_mview', change with the name of the column to used for the index);

The first argument is the name of the materialized view, the second the name of
the view on which the materialized view is based and the third is the column
name on which the index should be build (aka most of the time the primary key).
This column is not automatically deduced so you need to replace its name.

As said above Ora2Pg only supports snapshot materialized views so the table will
be entirely refreshed by issuing first a truncate of the table and then by load
again all data from the view:

	 refresh_full_materialized_view('mviewname');

To drop the materialized view you just have to call the drop_materialized_view()
function with the name of the materialized view as parameter.

=head2 Other configuration directives

=over 4

=item DEBUG

Set it to 1 will enable verbose output.

=item IMPORT

You can define common Ora2Pg configuration directives into a single file that
can be imported into other configuration files with the IMPORT configuration
directive as follow:

	IMPORT	commonfile.conf

will import all configuration directives defined into commonfile.conf into the
current configuration file.

=back

=head2 Exporting views as PostgreSQL tables

You can export any Oracle view as a PostgreSQL table simply by setting TYPE
configuration option to TABLE to have the corresponding create table statement.
Or use type COPY or INSERT to export the corresponding data. To allow that you
have to specify your views in the VIEW_AS_TABLE configuration option.

Then if Ora2Pg finds the view it will extract its schema (if TYPE=TABLE) into
a PG create table form, then it will extract the data (if TYPE=COPY or INSERT)
following the view schema.

For example, with the following view:

	CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW product_prices (category_id, product_count, low_price, high_price) AS
	SELECT  category_id, COUNT(*) as product_count,
	    MIN(list_price) as low_price,
	    MAX(list_price) as high_price
	 FROM   product_information
	GROUP BY category_id;

Setting VIEW_AS_TABLE to product_prices and using export type TABLE, will
force Ora2Pg to detect columns returned types and to generate a create table
statement:

	CREATE TABLE product_prices (
		category_id bigint,
		product_count integer,
		low_price numeric,
		high_price numeric
	);

Data will be loaded following the COPY or INSERT export type and the view
declaration.

You can use the ALLOW and EXCLUDE directive in addition to filter other
objects to export.

=head2 Export as Kettle transformation XML files

The KETTLE export type is useful if you want to use Penthalo Data Integrator
(Kettle) to import data to PostgreSQL. With this type of export Ora2Pg will
generate one XML Kettle transformation files (.ktr) per table and add a line
to manually execute the transformation in the output.sql file. For example:

	ora2pg -c ora2pg.conf -t KETTLE -j 12 -a MYTABLE -o load_mydata.sh

will generate one file called 'HR.MYTABLE.ktr' and add a line to the output
file (load_mydata.sh):

	#!/bin/sh

	KETTLE_TEMPLATE_PATH='.'

	JAVAMAXMEM=4096 ./pan.sh -file $KETTLE_TEMPLATE_PATH/HR.MYTABLE.ktr -level Detailed

The -j 12 option will create a template with 12 processes to insert data into
PostgreSQL. It is also possible to specify the number of parallel queries used
to extract data from the Oracle with the -J command line option as follow:

	ora2pg -c ora2pg.conf -t KETTLE -J 4 -j 12 -a EMPLOYEES -o load_mydata.sh

This is only possible if there is a unique key defined on a numeric column or
that you have defined the technical key to used to split the query between cores
in the DEFINED_PKEY configuration directive. For example:

	DEFINED_PK      EMPLOYEES:employee_id

will force the number of Oracle connection copies to 4 and defined the SQL query
as follow in the Kettle XML transformation file:

	<sql>SELECT * FROM HR.EMPLOYEES WHERE ABS(MOD(employee_id,${Internal.Step.Unique.Count}))=${Internal.Step.Unique.Number}</sql>

The KETTLE export type requires that the Oracle and PostgreSQL DSN are defined.
You can also activate the TRUNCATE_TABLE directive to force a truncation of the
table before data import.

The KETTLE export type is an original work of Marc Cousin.

=head2 Migration cost assessment

Estimating the cost of a migration process from Oracle to PostgreSQL is not easy. To
obtain a good assessment of this migration cost, Ora2Pg will inspect all database
objects, all functions and stored procedures to detect if there's still some objects
and PL/SQL code that can not be automatically converted by Ora2Pg.

Ora2Pg has a content analysis mode that inspect the Oracle database to generate a
text report on what the Oracle database contains and what can not be exported.

To activate the "analysis and report" mode, you have to use the export de type
SHOW_REPORT like in the following command:

	ora2pg -t SHOW_REPORT

Here is a sample report obtained with this command:

	--------------------------------------
	Ora2Pg: Oracle Database Content Report
	--------------------------------------
	Version Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0
	Schema  HR
	Size  880.00 MB
	 
	--------------------------------------
	Object  Number  Invalid Comments
	--------------------------------------
	CLUSTER   2 0 Clusters are not supported and will not be exported.
	FUNCTION  40  0 Total size of function code: 81992.
	INDEX     435 0 232 index(es) are concerned by the export, others are automatically generated and will
					do so on PostgreSQL. 1 bitmap index(es). 230 b-tree index(es). 1 reversed b-tree index(es)
					Note that bitmap index(es) will be exported as b-tree index(es) if any. Cluster, domain,
					bitmap join and IOT indexes will not be exported at all. Reverse indexes are not exported
					too, you may use a trigram-based index (see pg_trgm) or a reverse() function based index
					and search. You may also use 'varchar_pattern_ops', 'text_pattern_ops' or 'bpchar_pattern_ops'
					operators in your indexes to improve search with the LIKE operator respectively into
					varchar, text or char columns.
	MATERIALIZED VIEW 1 0 All materialized view will be exported as snapshot materialized views, they
					are only updated when fully refreshed.
	PACKAGE BODY  2 1 Total size of package code: 20700.
	PROCEDURE 7 0 Total size of procedure code: 19198.
	SEQUENCE  160 0 Sequences are fully supported, but all call to sequence_name.NEXTVAL or sequence_name.CURRVAL
					will be transformed into NEXTVAL('sequence_name') or CURRVAL('sequence_name').
	TABLE     265 0 1 external table(s) will be exported as standard table. See EXTERNAL_TO_FDW configuration
					directive to export as file_fdw foreign tables or use COPY in your code if you just
					want to load data from external files. 2 binary columns. 4 unknown types.
	TABLE PARTITION 8 0 Partitions are exported using table inheritance and check constraint. 1 HASH partitions.
					2 LIST partitions. 6 RANGE partitions. Note that Hash partitions are not supported.
	TRIGGER   30  0 Total size of trigger code: 21677.
	TYPE      7 1 5 type(s) are concerned by the export, others are not supported. 2 Nested Tables.
					2 Object type. 1 Subtype. 1 Type Boby. 1 Type inherited. 1 Varrays. Note that Type
					inherited and Subtype are converted as table, type inheritance is not supported.
	TYPE BODY 0 3 Export of type with member method are not supported, they will not be exported.
	VIEW      7 0 Views are fully supported, but if you have updatable views you will need to use
					INSTEAD OF triggers.
	DATABASE LINK 1 0 Database links will not be exported. You may try the dblink perl contrib module or use
					the SQL/MED PostgreSQL features with the different Foreign Data Wrapper (FDW) extensions.
					
	Note: Invalid code will not be exported unless the EXPORT_INVALID configuration directive is activated. 

Once the database can be analysed, Ora2Pg, by his ability to convert SQL and PL/SQL
code from Oracle syntax to PostgreSQL, can go further by estimating the code difficulties
and estimate the time necessary to operate a full database migration.

To estimate the migration cost in man-days, Ora2Pg allow you to use a configuration
directive called ESTIMATE_COST that you can also enabled at command line:

	--estimate_cost

This feature can only be used with the SHOW_REPORT, FUNCTION, PROCEDURE, PACKAGE
and QUERY export type.

	ora2pg -t SHOW_REPORT  --estimate_cost

The generated report is same as above but with a new 'Estimated cost' column as follow:

	--------------------------------------
	Ora2Pg: Oracle Database Content Report
	--------------------------------------
	Version Oracle Database 10g Express Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0
	Schema  HR
	Size  890.00 MB
	 
	--------------------------------------
	Object  Number  Invalid Estimated cost  Comments
	--------------------------------------
	DATABASE LINK  3 0 9 Database links will be exported as SQL/MED PostgreSQL's Foreign Data Wrapper (FDW) extensions
					using oracle_fdw.
	FUNCTION  2 0 7 Total size of function code: 369 bytes. HIGH_SALARY: 2, VALIDATE_SSN: 3.
	INDEX 21  0 11  11 index(es) are concerned by the export, others are automatically generated and will do so
					on PostgreSQL. 11 b-tree index(es). Note that bitmap index(es) will be exported as b-tree
					index(es) if any. Cluster, domain, bitmap join and IOT indexes will not be exported at all.
					Reverse indexes are not exported too, you may use a trigram-based index (see pg_trgm) or a
					reverse() function based index and search. You may also use 'varchar_pattern_ops', 'text_pattern_ops'
					or 'bpchar_pattern_ops' operators in your indexes to improve search with the LIKE operator
					respectively into varchar, text or char columns.
	JOB 0 0 0 Job are not exported. You may set external cron job with them.
	MATERIALIZED VIEW 1 0 3 All materialized view will be exported as snapshot materialized views, they
						are only updated when fully refreshed.
	PACKAGE BODY  0 2 54  Total size of package code: 2487 bytes. Number of procedures and functions found
						inside those packages: 7. two_proc.get_table: 10, emp_mgmt.create_dept: 4,
						emp_mgmt.hire: 13, emp_mgmt.increase_comm: 4, emp_mgmt.increase_sal: 4,
						emp_mgmt.remove_dept: 3, emp_mgmt.remove_emp: 2.
	PROCEDURE 4 0 39  Total size of procedure code: 2436 bytes. TEST_COMMENTAIRE: 2, SECURE_DML: 3,
						PHD_GET_TABLE: 24, ADD_JOB_HISTORY: 6.
	SEQUENCE  3 0 0 Sequences are fully supported, but all call to sequence_name.NEXTVAL or sequence_name.CURRVAL
						will be transformed into NEXTVAL('sequence_name') or CURRVAL('sequence_name').
	SYNONYM   3 0 4 SYNONYMs will be exported as views. SYNONYMs do not exists with PostgreSQL but a common workaround
						is to use views or set the PostgreSQL search_path in your session to access
						object outside the current schema.
						user1.emp_details_view_v is an alias to hr.emp_details_view.
						user1.emp_table is an alias to hr.employees@other_server.
						user1.offices is an alias to hr.locations.
	TABLE 17  0 8.5 1 external table(s) will be exported as standard table. See EXTERNAL_TO_FDW configuration
					directive to export as file_fdw foreign tables or use COPY in your code if you just want to
					load data from external files. 2 binary columns. 4 unknown types.
	TRIGGER 1 1 4 Total size of trigger code: 123 bytes. UPDATE_JOB_HISTORY: 2.
	TYPE  7 1 5 5 type(s) are concerned by the export, others are not supported. 2 Nested Tables. 2 Object type.
					1 Subtype. 1 Type Boby. 1 Type inherited. 1 Varrays. Note that Type inherited and Subtype are
					converted as table, type inheritance is not supported.
	TYPE BODY 0 3 30  Export of type with member method are not supported, they will not be exported.
	VIEW  1 1 1 Views are fully supported, but if you have updatable views you will need to use INSTEAD OF triggers.
	--------------------------------------
	Total 65  8 162.5 162.5 cost migration units means approximatively 2 man day(s).

The last line shows the total estimated migration code in man-days following the
number of migration units estimated for each object. This migration unit represent
around five minutes for a PostgreSQL expert. If this is your first migration you can
get it higher with the configuration directive COST_UNIT_VALUE or the --cost_unit_value
command line option:

	ora2pg -t SHOW_REPORT  --estimate_cost --cost_unit_value 10

Ora2Pg is also able to give you a migration difficulty level assessment, here a sample:

Migration level: B-5

    Migration levels:
        A - Migration that might be run automatically
        B - Migration with code rewrite and a human-days cost up to 5 days
        C - Migration with code rewrite and a human-days cost above 5 days
    Technical levels:
        1 = trivial: no stored functions and no triggers
        2 = easy: no stored functions but with triggers, no manual rewriting
        3 = simple: stored functions and/or triggers, no manual rewriting
        4 = manual: no stored functions but with triggers or views with code rewriting
        5 = difficult: stored functions and/or triggers with code rewriting

This assessment consist in a letter A or B to specify if the migration needs
manual rewriting or not. And a number from 1 up to 5 to give you a technical
difficulty level. You have an additional option --human_days_limit to specify
the number of human-days limit where the migration level should be set to C
to indicate that it need a huge amount of work and a full project management
with migration support. Default is 10 human-days. You can use the configuration
directive HUMAN_DAYS_LIMIT to change this default value permanently.

This feature has been developed to help you or your boss to decide which
database to migrate first and the team that must be mobilized to operate
the migration.

=head2 Global Oracle and MySQL migration assessment

Ora2Pg come with a script ora2pg_scanner that can be used when you have a huge
number of instances and schema to scan for migration assessment.

Usage: ora2pg_scanner -l CSVFILE [-o OUTDIR]

   -b | --binpath DIR: full path to directory where the ora2pg binary stays.
   		Might be useful only on Windows OS.
   -c | --config FILE: set custom configuration file to use otherwise ora2pg
		will use the default: /etc/ora2pg/ora2pg.conf.
   -l | --list FILE : CSV file containing a list of databases to scan with
		all required information. The first line of the file
		can contain the following header that describes the
		format that must be used:

		"type","schema/database","dsn","user","password"

   -o | --outdir DIR : (optional) by default all reports will be dumped to a
		directory named 'output', it will be created automatically.
		If you want to change the name of this directory, set the name
		at second argument.

   -t | --test : just try all connections by retrieving the required schema
		 or database name. Useful to validate your CSV list file.
   -u | --unit MIN : redefine globally the migration cost unit value in minutes.
		 Default is taken from the ora2pg.conf (default 5 minutes).

   Here is a full example of a CSV databases list file:

	"type","schema/database","dsn","user","password"
	"MYSQL","sakila","dbi:mysql:host=192.168.1.10;database=sakila;port=3306","root","secret"
	"ORACLE","HR","dbi:Oracle:host=192.168.1.10;sid=XE;port=1521","system","manager"
	"MSSQL","HR","dbi:ODBC:driver=msodbcsql18;server=srv.database.windows.net;database=testdb","system","manager"

   The CSV field separator must be a comma.

   Note that if you want to scan all schemas from an Oracle instance you just
   have to leave the schema field empty, Ora2Pg will automatically detect all
   available schemas and generate a report for each one. Of course you need to
   use a connection user with enough privileges to be able to scan all schemas.
   For example:

	"ORACLE","","dbi:Oracle:host=192.168.1.10;sid=XE;port=1521","system","manager"
	"MSSQL","","dbi:ODBC:driver=msodbcsql18;server=srv.database.windows.net;database=testdb","usrname","passwd"

   will generate a report for all schema in the XE instance. Note that in this
   case the SCHEMA directive in ora2pg.conf must not be set.

It will generate a CSV file with the assessment result, one line per schema or
database and a detailed HTML report for each database scanned.

Hint: Use the -t | --test option before to test all your connections in your
CSV file.

For Windows users you must use the -b command line option to set the directory
where ora2pg_scanner stays otherwise the ora2pg command calls will fail.

In the migration assessment details about functions Ora2Pg always include per
default 2 migration units for TEST and 1 unit for SIZE per 1000 characters in
the code. This mean that by default it will add 15 minutes in the migration
assessment per function. Obviously if you have unitary tests or very simple
functions this will not represent the real migration time.
 
=head2 Migration assessment method

Migration unit scores given to each type of Oracle database object are defined in the
Perl library lib/Ora2Pg/PLSQL.pm in the %OBJECT_SCORE variable definition.

The number of PL/SQL lines associated to a migration unit is also defined in this file
in the $SIZE_SCORE variable value. 

The number of migration units associated to each PL/SQL code difficulties can be found
in the same Perl library lib/Ora2Pg/PLSQL.pm in the hash %UNCOVERED_SCORE initialization.

This assessment method is a work in progress so I'm expecting feedbacks on migration
experiences to polish the scores/units attributed in those variables.

=head2 Improving indexes and constraints creation speed

Using the LOAD export type and a file containing SQL orders to perform, it is
possible to dispatch those orders over multiple PostgreSQL connections. To be
able to use this feature, the PG_DSN, PG_USER and PG_PWD must be set. Then:

	ora2pg -t LOAD -c config/ora2pg.conf -i schema/tables/INDEXES_table.sql -j 4

will dispatch indexes creation over 4 simultaneous PostgreSQL connections.

This will considerably accelerate this part of the migration process with huge
data size.

=head2 Exporting LONG RAW

If you still have columns defined as LONG RAW, Ora2Pg will not be able to export
these kind of data. The OCI library fail to export them and always return the
same first record. To be able to export the data you need to transform the field
as BLOB by creating a temporary table before migrating data. For example, the
Oracle table:

	SQL> DESC TEST_LONGRAW
	 Name                 NULL ?   Type
	 -------------------- -------- ----------------------------
	 ID                            NUMBER
	 C1                            LONG RAW

need to be "translated" into a table using BLOB as follow:

	CREATE TABLE test_blob (id NUMBER, c1 BLOB);

And then copy the data with the following INSERT query:

	INSERT INTO test_blob SELECT id, to_lob(c1) FROM test_longraw;

Then you just have to exclude the original table from the export (see EXCLUDE
directive) and to renamed the new temporary table on the fly using the
REPLACE_TABLES configuration directive.

=head2 Global variables

Oracle allow the use of global variables defined in packages. Ora2Pg will
export these variables for PostgreSQL as user defined custom variables
available in a session. Oracle variables assignment are exported as
call to:

    PERFORM set_config('pkgname.varname', value, false);

Use of these variables in the code is replaced by:

    current_setting('pkgname.varname')::global_variables_type;

where global_variables_type is the type of the variable extracted from
the package definition.

If the variable is a constant or have a default value assigned at
declaration, Ora2Pg will create a file global_variables.conf with
the definition to include in the postgresql.conf file so that their
values will already be set at database connection. Note that the
value can always modified by the user so you can not have exactly
a constant.

=head2 Hints

Converting your queries with Oracle style outer join (+) syntax to ANSI standard SQL at
the Oracle side can save you lot of time for the migration. You can use TOAD Query Builder
can re-write these using the proper ANSI syntax, see: http://www.toadworld.com/products/toad-for-oracle/f/10/t/9518.aspx

There's also an alternative with SQL Developer Data Modeler, see
http://www.thatjeffsmith.com/archive/2012/01/sql-developer-data-modeler-quick-tip-use-oracle-join-syntax-or-ansi/

Toad is also able to rewrite the native Oracle DECODE() syntax into ANSI
standard SQL CASE statement. You can find some slide about this in a
presentation given at PgConf.RU: http://ora2pg.darold.net/slides/ora2pg_the_hard_way.pdf

=head2 Test the migration

The type of action called TEST allow you to check that all objects from Oracle
database have been created under PostgreSQL. Of course PG_DSN must be set to be
able to check PostgreSQL side.

Note that this feature respect the schema name limitation if EXPORT_SCHEMA and
SCHEMA or PG_SCHEMA are defined. If only EXPORT_SCHEMA is set all schemes from
Oracle and PostgreSQL are scanned. You can filter to a single schema using
SCHEMA and/or PG_SCHEMA but you can not filter on a list of schema. To test
a list of schema you will have to repeat the calls to Ora2Pg by specifying
a single schema each time.

For example command:

	ora2pg -t TEST -c config/ora2pg.conf > migration_diff.txt

Will create a file containing the report of all object and row count on both
side, Oracle and PostgreSQL, with an error section giving you the detail of
the differences for each kind of object. Here is a sample result:

	[TEST INDEXES COUNT]
	ORACLEDB:DEPARTMENTS:2
	POSTGRES:departments:1
	ORACLEDB:EMPLOYEES:6
	POSTGRES:employees:6
	[ERRORS INDEXES COUNT]
	Table departments doesn't have the same number of indexes in Oracle (2) and in PostgreSQL (1).

	[TEST UNIQUE CONSTRAINTS COUNT]
	ORACLEDB:DEPARTMENTS:1
	POSTGRES:departments:1
	ORACLEDB:EMPLOYEES:1
        POSTGRES:employees:1
	[ERRORS UNIQUE CONSTRAINTS COUNT]
	OK, Oracle and PostgreSQL have the same number of unique constraints.

	[TEST PRIMARY KEYS COUNT]
	ORACLEDB:DEPARTMENTS:1
	POSTGRES:departments:1
	ORACLEDB:EMPLOYEES:1
        POSTGRES:employees:1
	[ERRORS PRIMARY KEYS COUNT]
	OK, Oracle and PostgreSQL have the same number of primary keys.

	[TEST CHECK CONSTRAINTS COUNT]
	ORACLEDB:DEPARTMENTS:1
	POSTGRES:departments:1
	ORACLEDB:EMPLOYEES:1
        POSTGRES:employees:1
	[ERRORS CHECK CONSTRAINTS COUNT]
	OK, Oracle and PostgreSQL have the same number of check constraints.

	[TEST NOT NULL CONSTRAINTS COUNT]
	ORACLEDB:DEPARTMENTS:1
	POSTGRES:departments:1
	ORACLEDB:EMPLOYEES:1
        POSTGRES:employees:1
	[ERRORS NOT NULL CONSTRAINTS COUNT]
	OK, Oracle and PostgreSQL have the same number of not null constraints.

	[TEST COLUMN DEFAULT VALUE COUNT]
	ORACLEDB:DEPARTMENTS:1
	POSTGRES:departments:1
	ORACLEDB:EMPLOYEES:1
        POSTGRES:employees:1
	[ERRORS COLUMN DEFAULT VALUE COUNT]
	OK, Oracle and PostgreSQL have the same number of column default value.

	[TEST IDENTITY COLUMN COUNT]
	ORACLEDB:DEPARTMENTS:1
	POSTGRES:departments:1
	ORACLEDB:EMPLOYEES:0
        POSTGRES:employees:0
	[ERRORS IDENTITY COLUMN COUNT]
	OK, Oracle and PostgreSQL have the same number of identity column.

	[TEST FOREIGN KEYS COUNT]
	ORACLEDB:DEPARTMENTS:0
	POSTGRES:departments:0
	ORACLEDB:EMPLOYEES:1
        POSTGRES:employees:1
	[ERRORS FOREIGN KEYS COUNT]
	OK, Oracle and PostgreSQL have the same number of foreign keys.

	[TEST TABLE COUNT]
	ORACLEDB:TABLE:2
	POSTGRES:TABLE:2
	[ERRORS TABLE COUNT]
	OK, Oracle and PostgreSQL have the same number of TABLE.

	[TEST TABLE TRIGGERS COUNT]
	ORACLEDB:DEPARTMENTS:0
	POSTGRES:departments:0
	ORACLEDB:EMPLOYEES:1
        POSTGRES:employees:1
	[ERRORS TABLE TRIGGERS COUNT]
	OK, Oracle and PostgreSQL have the same number of table triggers.

	[TEST TRIGGER COUNT]
	ORACLEDB:TRIGGER:2
	POSTGRES:TRIGGER:2
	[ERRORS TRIGGER COUNT]
	OK, Oracle and PostgreSQL have the same number of TRIGGER.

	[TEST VIEW COUNT]
	ORACLEDB:VIEW:1
	POSTGRES:VIEW:1
	[ERRORS VIEW COUNT]
	OK, Oracle and PostgreSQL have the same number of VIEW.

	[TEST MVIEW COUNT]
	ORACLEDB:MVIEW:0
	POSTGRES:MVIEW:0
	[ERRORS MVIEW COUNT]
	OK, Oracle and PostgreSQL have the same number of MVIEW.

	[TEST SEQUENCE COUNT]
	ORACLEDB:SEQUENCE:1
	POSTGRES:SEQUENCE:0
	[ERRORS SEQUENCE COUNT]
	SEQUENCE does not have the same count in Oracle (1) and in PostgreSQL (0).

	[TEST TYPE COUNT]
	ORACLEDB:TYPE:1
	POSTGRES:TYPE:0
	[ERRORS TYPE COUNT]
	TYPE does not have the same count in Oracle (1) and in PostgreSQL (0).

	[TEST FDW COUNT]
	ORACLEDB:FDW:0
	POSTGRES:FDW:0
	[ERRORS FDW COUNT]
	OK, Oracle and PostgreSQL have the same number of FDW.

	[TEST FUNCTION COUNT]
	ORACLEDB:FUNCTION:3
	POSTGRES:FUNCTION:3
	[ERRORS FUNCTION COUNT]
	OK, Oracle and PostgreSQL have the same number of functions.

	[TEST SEQUENCE VALUES]
	ORACLEDB:EMPLOYEES_NUM_SEQ:1285
	POSTGRES:employees_num_seq:1285
	[ERRORS SEQUENCE VALUES COUNT]
	OK, Oracle and PostgreSQL have the same values for sequences

	[TEST ROWS COUNT]
	ORACLEDB:DEPARTMENTS:27
	POSTGRES:departments:27
	ORACLEDB:EMPLOYEES:854
	POSTGRES:employees:854
	[ERRORS ROWS COUNT]
	OK, Oracle and PostgreSQL have the same number of rows.

=head2 Data validation

Data validation consists in comparing data retrieved from a foreign table
pointing to the source Oracle table and a local PostgreSQL table resulting
from the data export.

To run data validation you can use a direct connection like any other Ora2Pg
action but you can also use the oracle_fdw, mysql_fdw ior tds_fdw extension
provided that FDW_SERVER and PG_DSN configuration directives are set.

By default Ora2Pg will extract the 10000 first rows from both side, you can
change this value using directive DATA_VALIDATION_ROWS. When it is set to
zero all rows of the tables will be compared.

Data validation requires that the table has a primary key or unique index
and that the key columns is not a LOB. Rows will be sorted using this unique
key. Due to differences in sort behavior between Oracle and PostgreSQL, if the
collation of unique key columns in PostgreSQL is not 'C', the sort order can
be different compared to Oracle. In this case the data validation will fail.

Data validation must be done before any data is modified.

Ora2Pg will stop comparing two tables after DATA_VALIDATION_ROWS is reached
or that 10 errors has been encountered, result is dumped in a file named
"data_validation.log" written in the current directory by default. The number
of error before stopping the diff between rows can be controlled using the
configuration directive DATA_VALIDATION_ERROR. All rows in errors are printed
to the output file for your analyze.

It is possible to parallelize data validation by using -P option or the
corresponding configuration directive PARALLEL_TABLES in ora2pg.conf.

=head2 Use of System Change Number (SCN)

Ora2Pg is able to export data as of a specific SCN. You can set it at command
line using the -S or --scn option. You can give a specific SCN or if you want
to use the current SCN at first connection time set the value to 'current'.
In this last case the connection user has the "SELECT ANY DICTIONARY" or the
"SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE" role, the current SCN is looked at the v$database view.

Example of use:

    ora2pg -c ora2pg.conf -t COPY --scn 16605281

This adds the following clause to the query used to retrieve data for example:

    AS OF SCN 16605281

You can also use th --scn option to use the Oracle flashback capabality by
specifying a timestamp expression instead of a SCN. For example:

    ora2pg -c ora2pg.conf -t COPY --scn "TO_TIMESTAMP('2021-12-01 00:00:00', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS')"

This will add the following clause to the query used to retrieve data:

    AS OF TIMESTAMP TO_TIMESTAMP('2021-12-01 00:00:00', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS')

or for example to only retrive yesterday's data:

    ora2pg -c ora2pg.conf -t COPY --scn "SYSDATE - 1"

=head2 Change Data Capture (CDC)

Ora2Pg do not have such feature which allow to import data and to only apply
changes after the first import. But you can use the --cdc_ready option to
export data with registration of the SCN at the time of the table export.
All SCN per tables are written to a file named TABLES_SCN.log by default,
it can be changed using -C | --cdc_file option.

These SCN registered per table during COPY or INSERT export can be used with
a CDC tool. The format of the file is tablename:SCN per line.

=head2 Importing BLOB as large objects

By default Ora2Pg imports Oracle BLOB as bytea, the destination column is
created using the bytea data type. If you want to use large object instead
of bytea, just add the --blob_to_lo option to the ora2pg command. It will
create the destination column as data type Oid and will save the BLOB as a
large object using the lo_from_bytea() function. The Oid returned by the
call to lo_from_bytea() is inserted in the destination column instead of
a bytea. Because of the use of the function this option can only be used
with actions SHOW_COLUMN, TABLE and INSERT. Action COPY is not allowed.

If you want to use COPY or have huge size BLOB ( > 1GB) than can not be
imported using lo_from_bytea() you can add option --lo_import to the ora2pg
command. This will allow to import data in two passes.

1) Export data using COPY or INSERT will set the Oid destination column for
BLOB to value 0 and save the BLOB value into a dedicated file. It will also
create a Shell script to import the BLOB files into the database using psql
command \lo_import and to update the table Oid column to the returned large
object Oid. The script is named lo_import-TABLENAME.sh

2) Execute all scripts lo_import-TABLENAME.sh after setting the environment
variables PGDATABASE and optionally PGHOST, PGPORT, PGUSER, etc. if they do
not correspond to the default values for libpq.

You might also execute manually a VACUUM FULL on the table to remove the bloat
created by the table update.

Limitation: the table must have a primary key, it is used to set the WHERE
clause to update the Oid column after the large object import. Importing BLOB
using this second method (--lo_import) is very slow so it should be reserved
to rows where the BLOB > 1GB for all other rows use the option --blob_to_lo.
To filter the rows you can use the WHERE configuration directive in ora2pg.conf.

=head1 SUPPORT

=head2 Author / Maintainer

Gilles Darold <gilles AT darold DOT net>

Please report any bugs, patches, help, etc. to <gilles AT darold DOT net>. 

=head2 Feature request

If you need new features let me know at <gilles AT darold DOT net>. This help
a lot to develop a better/useful tool.

=head2 How to contribute ?

Any contribution to build a better tool is welcome, you just have to send me
your ideas, features request or patches and there will be applied.

=head1 LICENSE

Copyright (c) 2000-2023 Gilles Darold - All rights reserved.

	This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
	it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
	the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
	any later version.

	This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
	but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
	MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
	GNU General Public License for more details.

	You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
	along with this program.  If not, see < http://www.gnu.org/licenses/ >.


=head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I must thanks a lot all the great contributors, see changelog for all acknowledgments.

